1	Regions & Canadian Identity
2	Housekeeping Course website is up Go to www.yorku.ca/anderson My e-mail: anderson@yorku.ca
3	Regions and Canadian identity What sort of a place is Canada?
4	Voltaire on Canada “quelques arpents de niege”
5	Tommy Douglas: Canada is like a Cow
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7	Victoria BC
8	Victoria BC
9	Vancouver BC
10	Pearson T3
11	National Identity Debate over Canada’s national identity Especially English-speaking Canada Difficult to define Diversity of ideas National identity is invented anyway
12	Imagined Communities Benedict Anderson’s 1983 book Large social groupings, nations etc, are imaginary. Canada as an imagined community?
13	John Ralston Saul Canada characterised by ‘soft nationalism’ Political differences resolved without violence Quebec at the heart of Canada’s identity English-speaking Canada will fold without it
14	John Ralston Saul Canada shaped by its First Nations Aboriginal tradition of sharing resources with newcomers, widening the circle Inspires a welcoming attitude to immigration Aboriginal tradition of consensus seeking Shapes Canadian politics
15	Michael Ignatieff Ethnic nationalism Sense of nation connected with a particular ethnic group Civic nationalism Nation defined by who participates in its life regardless of ethnicity Canada?
16	Margaret Attwood Canadian literature, cultural identity defined by encounter with a hostile environment US wilderness became a garden of abundance Canadian wilderness remained rugged, difficult
17	In Reality It’s almost impossible to define national or regional character in simple terms But people try Trivia: The first broadcast episode of Monty Python was called “Whither Canada?”
18	Scarlet Riders RCMP a Canadian Symbol “the Mounties always get their man”
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34	"It’s a mall world after..." It’s a mall world after all ...
35	Mounties Mythologised Happened in 1920s-1930s Mainly produced by American pulp fiction, movies Canadian Govt. helped finance the “Mountie” movies
36	US Tourist in Ottawa
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40	The Anne Phenomenon L M Montgomery’s Anne books resonated with women & girls in Edwardian Canada A newly-urbanised public still had strong family memories of rural childhood Tourism to visit ‘the Anne country’ began almost immediately
41	The Anne Phenomenon Got a huge boost with made-for-TV movies and Avonlea TV series in the 1980s-1990s A big hit with the Japanese Road to Avonlea series filmed in Uxbridge ON by Sullivan Entertainment ‘Green Gables’ has several rebuilds as a tourist shrine
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43	Red Hair Anne From a Toronto-area tourist brochure aimed at the Japanese
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45	Anne and Canadian Cultural Diplomacy Canada uses Anne to aid cultural diplomacy in Japan
46	Changes in Cavendish Post Office changed from “Cavendish” to “Green Gables” to add authenticity Business interests establish an Avonlea theme village Sandspit: a theme park
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49	The Inukshuk
50	Inukshuk Plural: inuksuit A guardian, portal, guide Has become a master signifier for the Canadian North Inuit culture appropriated by the non-Inuit It has become a new symbol for Canada
51	Feb 2003 CBC Winnipeg build-a-snowman contest
52	Suburban Toronto
53	Toronto
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56	"Algonquin Park ON" Algonquin Park ON
57	"Amateur inukshuk" Amateur inukshuk, western Ontario
58	Ottawa river
59	Gaspe, QC
60	Stanley Park, Vancouver
61	Canadian Tourists Mt Difficult, Grampians National Park, Australia
62	Inuksuit turn up on Montana’s roadsides Australia’s mountain trails The hills of Wales San Francisco’s nude beaches
63	But until 1990 Inukshuk almost invisible in Canadian culture Normally overlooked in books on Inuit art before 1995 Missing from Hurtig’s 1988 Canadian Encyclopedia
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65	1970 Royal Visit to NWT Queen attends evensong at Resolute The Duke paddles a Kayak Governor General goes ice fishing in Bathurst Inlet Pierre Trudeau braids the hair of an Inuk child Monuments unveiled, atigi presented No inuksuit.
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67	Inukshuk Emerges as a symbol for the new territory of Nunavut later 1990s Inukshuk proliferates and is appropriated by non-Inuit as a symbol of the Arctic
68	McMichael Galley Wedding webpage
69	Niagara-on-the-Lake
70	"Mackenzie Hotel" Mackenzie Hotel, Inuvik NWT
71	St Mary’s University, Halifax 1998
72	"Concordia University" Concordia University
73	"Flower festival" Flower festival, Montreal
74	45 degrees North!
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78	Bed & Breakfast in New Zealand
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80	Inukshuk as a National symbol Constructed as a war memorial in Kandahar Added to Rideau Hall by Adrienne Clarkson
81	"Brisbane" Brisbane, Australia, a Bicentennial gift from Canada 1988.
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83	"World Youth Day 2002 Toronto" World Youth Day 2002 Toronto
84	Inukshuk A minor tradition of Inuit culture pre-1990 Fascination for the inukshuk emerged among the non-Inuit in the 1990s It became appropriated as a nationalist symbol of the Canadian North, and spread globally Inuit ‘rediscover’ the Inukshuk as it becomes precious to others
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93	"“So much has been..." “So much has been forgotten, and the Inuit have learned to see the world through the white man's perspective.” -- David Ruben Piktoukoun, 1992
94	Inuit Culture Inuit art is the ‘name brand’ for Canadian art globally The Inuit are now borrowing back the inukshuk as a valued symbol
95	The Inukshuk Canadian nationalism appropriates culture as well as land Reinterprets landscape symbolism for its own purposes
96	Canada’s Favourite Place The Pub is the iconic gathering place for the British & Irish The focus of symbolic community What about Canada? Timmies
97	The Donut Shop An iconic Canadian meeting place Regular stage set for sketch comedy: This Hour has 22 Minutes Royal Canadian Air Farce Cameo role in Wayne’s World Where Sheila Copps launched her liberal leadership bid
98	HMCS Toronto 1998 Stationed in the Persian Gulf Features in a Tim Horton’s commercial about the “taste of home”
99	Timmies in Kandahar
100	Double-Double Diplomacy Pictou NS 12 Sep 2006 CTV: “she kept calling him Peter”
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104	The Rimroller
105	Canada Day, London 2007
106	Anglo-Canadian Cultural Identity Tends to be vague, platitudinous, simple-minded Can be defined by others Scarlet riders Red Hair Anne Can be defined comparatively not being American not being like other countries
107	Canada defined by its products Raw material staples Wheat, oil, furs …
108	"Wheat and the Canadian west" Wheat and the Canadian west
109	"Canadian processed cheese" Canadian processed cheese
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111	Canada vs USA USA settles over 300 years English Canada created in Victorian Era
112	Canada vs USA USA: progressive westward settlement frontier Canada: no continuous western frontier
113	Canada vs USA USA: wilderness proved fertile Canada: wilderness proved barren
114	Canada vs USA USA: cultural differences erased by integration Canada: local textures persist multicultural immigration magnifies them
115	Canada vs USA USA: born out of violence & rebellion Canada: peace, order, good government? Also a certain amount of violence and rebellion
116	The Canadian Navy Turned 100 this year Celebrations in Halifax NS, St Johns NF
117	The Canadian Navy Its first great operational challenge: HMCS Rainbow kept a boatload of Indians out of Canada in July 1914 A part of our heritage
118	Canada vs USA USA: a federal nation Canada: a federation of localities
119	Canada vs USA USA: projects its culture globally Canada: absorbs global culture often defined by the culture of others ...
120	Canada vs USA USA: global economic and geopolitical importance accompanied by a public culture unwilling to accept limits on national power, individual freedom Although the USA faces limits now Canada: greater acceptance of limits on national power, individual freedom
121	Canada vs USA USA: has a strong sense of identity Canada: doesn’t
122	"“The Canadian Identity" “The Canadian Identity, as it has come to be known, is as elusive as the Sasquatch and Ogopogo. It has animated--and frustrated--generations of statesmen, historians, writers, artists, philosophers, and the National Film Board ... Canada resists easy definition.” -- Andrew Cohen 2007
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125	Quebec Sees itself as a Nation Distinct society
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127	Other distinct societies Newfoundland PEI
128	Conclusions National, regional identity are complex constructions Mythologised as much as real Invented by outsiders as much as invented by Canadians Issue of Canadian Identity connected to Canada’s fragmented geography