EVOLUTION

· One of them was: Charles Bell, The Hand: Its Mechanism and Vital Endowments as Evincing Design (1833) http://www.whonamedit.com/doctor.cfm/2103.html

Charles Darwin

http://www2.lucidcafe.com/lucidcafe/library/96feb/darwin.html

http://www.aboutdarwin.com/

The Voyage of the Beagle (1831-1836)

The whole text of the book:

http://www.literature.org/authors/darwin-charles/the-voyage-of-the-beagle/

Edentates – armadillos

http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/links/doi/10.1046/j.1365-2451.2002.00334.x/full/

Darwin at the Galapagos Islands

http://www.terindell.com/asylum/jason/darwin.html

Darwin found that each island had its own special life forms
The giant tortoises had characteristic markings that could be used to identify their home island.
http://www.galapagosonline.com/Galapagos_Natural_History/Birds_and_Animals/Animals/Tortoises.html
Fnches had anatomical differences (e.g. shape of beak) that were suited to different diets.
http://www.rit.edu/~rhrsbi/GalapagosPages/DarwinFinch.html

Darwin at Down

http://williamcalvin.com/bookshelf/down_hse.htm

Thomas Malthus, On Population

http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/history/malthus.html

http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1798malthus.html

Alfred Russel Wallace

http://www.wku.edu/~smithch/index1.htm

On the Origin of Species

The text itself:

http://www.literature.org/authors/darwin-charles/the-origin-of-species/

“The Book that Shook the World”
http://www.mckenziestudycenter.org/science/articles/darwin.html
1^st ed sold out on day of publication, Nov. 24, 1859

Elements of Darwin’s Explanation of Evolution

http://shs.westport.k12.ct.us/mjvl/biology/connections/darwin.htm

http://www.darwins-theory-of-evolution.com/

Darwin’s inheritance theory

http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/cgi-local/DHI/dhi.cgi?id=dv2-69

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangenesis

Darwin on Man

http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1871darwin.html

In 1871, Darwin published his work on human evolution, The Descent of Man.

The whole text:

http://www.infidels.org/library/historical/charles_darwin/descent_of_man/index.shtml

Anthropoid fossils – first discovered in 1836

Neanderthal Man (1886) – first thought to be recent

http://www.neanderthal-modern.com/

Java Ape Man

http://emporium.turnpike.net/C/cs/emjv.htm

Orthogenetic Trends

for example, sabre-tooth cats

(long) http://www.stephenjaygould.org/library/mayr_punctuated.html

Prominent physicist Lord Kelvin (William Thomson) in 1865 claimed that the sun (and therefore the earth) could not possibly be old enough for evolution to have taken place.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_the_Earth

Technical explanation of Kelvin’s theory:

http://www.me.rochester.edu/courses/ME201/webexamp/kelvin.pdf

Inheritance unexplained

Fleeming Jenkin (1867) argued that Darwin’s theory of blending inheritance could not possibly lead to the preservation of favourable characteristics

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleeming_Jenkin

Jenkin’s review of Darwin’s Origin:

http://www.mala.bc.ca/~johnstoi/darwin/jenkin.htm

Social Darwinism

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Darwinism

Ernst Haeckel

http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/history/haeckel.html

William Graham Sumner

http://cepa.newschool.edu/het/profiles/sumner.htm

http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/4998/

Karl Marx wished to dedicate Das Capital to Darwin (who was horrified at the thought).

-- or so I said in class and in my book. However, apparently I was wrong about this legend. For a rebuttal of this popularly held view about Darwin declining to have Marx’s work dedicated to him see:

http://www.gruts.com/darwin/articles/2000/marx/

British popular philosopher Herbert Spencer (1820-1903)

http://cepa.newschool.edu/het/profiles/spencer.htm

He is the person who coined the term “Survival of the Fittest,” in 1858 – the year before the publication of the Origin of Species

http://www2.truman.edu/~rgraber/cultev/spencer.html

Eugenics

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aso/databank/entries/dh23eu.html

Darwin’s cousin, Francis Galton, was one of the leaders of the movement.

http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Galton.html

Intelligence tests

http://www.cpsimoes.net/artigos/art_brit_6.html