INHERITANCE

 

The Microscope

http://www.usyd.edu.au/su/macleay/cmicrodesign.htm

·         Kinds of microscopes:

·         Compound (2 lenses)

·         Simple (one lens)

·          

Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723)

http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/history/leeuwenhoek.html

 

CELLS

http://www.cssd11.k12.co.us/dohnts/Biology/bio02nt.htm

·         Robert Hooke (1635-1703)

·         http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/history/hooke.html

·         Examined slice of cork under microscope

·         Saw lattice work, a honeycomb formation

cells

http://mseagle.sas.edu.sg:8068/6core-10/biologyweb/cells%20information%20for%20homework.htm

 

Chromatic Aberration

http://www.yorku.ca/eye/chroaber.htm

http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/geoopt/aber2.html

·          

·         Different wavelengths of light are bent unequally by glass

·         Newton showed that nothing could be done about it

·         He invented the reflecting telescope to cope with it

·         http://www.egglescliffe.org.uk/physics/astronomy/telescope/newtontele.html

 

The Achromatic Compound Microscope

http://www.otal.umd.edu/~vg/amst205.F97/vj06/history.html

 

The Cell Nucleus

·         Discovered by Robert Brown in 1833, in plant cells

 

Brownian motion: http://www.aci.net/kalliste/brown.htm

·         Brown noted that the nucleus was a regular part of plant cells

·         Brown’s discovery focused attention on the interior (that is, the living) part of the cell

Cell Theory

http://mechanism.ucsd.edu/~bill/teaching/philbiology/CellTheoryBasicMetabolism.pdf

 

Plant cells:

·         M. J. Schleiden

·         http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761562856/Schleiden_Matthias_Jakob.html

 

Animal cells:

·         Theodor Schwann

·         http://home.tiscalinet.ch/biografien/biografien/schwann.htm

 

Reductionism

http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Reductionism

·         Opposed to Vitalism

·         http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Vitalism

 

Cellular Pathology

·         By Rudolph Virchow, 1858

·         http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolph_Virchow

 

Omnis cellula e cellula

http://staff.jccc.net/pdecell/cells/omnis.html

 

Preformation Theories

http://www.janswammerdam.net/preform.html

  • Assume that life was there all along.
  • If so, where?
  • Answer, somewhere in the parents.
  • Which parent? And then, what’s the other parent for?

 

Ovists

  • Believed that all of the essence of life resides in the female, the mother.
  • The role of the father is merely to stimulate the growth of the latent fetus with his sperm, or, for plants, pollen.
  • Marcello Malpighi (1628-1694)—prominent ovist
  • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcello_Malpighi

o       Did extensive studies of chick embryos with a magnifying glass and discovered the stages of the development process from fertilization to birth.

Spermists

  • Believed all of the structure of life resides in the male and is transmitted to the female.
  • The homunculus. A supposed miniature form of life that existed fully formed in the male sperm.
  • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homunculus

 

 

Vitalism – Idealism

 

 

Reductionism – Mechanism

o       Soma cells – which were the general cells of bodies – forming their structure, and having nothing to do with reproduction.

o       Germ cells (or germ plasm) – which were the cells that carry inheritance.

  • The Germ plasm

o       Was immortal – because cells produce by cell division

o       Body cells derive their structure from the germ cells (not vice versa).

§         “A chicken is nature’s way of making another egg.”

o       Evolution is carried on in the germ plasm.

o       And crucially: the germ plasm is particulate

Chromosomes

http://www.udayton.edu/~hume/Chromosomes/chromo.htm