Introduction:
This guide is being written
to assist students when they are citing sources in their paper. In this guide, you will find two types of
citations used. One, is going to be
referred to as the ‘Political Science’ method while the other is going to be
referred to as simply the ‘Bracket’ method (some may know this as the MLA
method). These two types of citations
are only examples. If you want to use a
different method (and there are several other methods – such as Chicago, APA,
Legal – to name a few), by all means do so, but I have noticed that many
students lost marks on their papers because they did not properly cite or their
bibliographies were incorrect.
How To Use Quotes In Your Paper:
General Rules: While there may not be any
single correct way to introduce sources in a paper, there are some key rules
that must be observed in order for the sources to be
correct. These rules are:
1)
Always
introduce a quote. Do not simply place
a quote at the beginning of a sentence and expect it to be sufficient. It can be confusing to the reader and does
not allow for an even flow in the paper.
2)
Place
quotation marks (“) at the beginning of each quote that is not required to be
block quoted. Also place quotation
marks (”) at the end of each quote that is not required to be block quoted.
3)
Block
quote any quotation that is longer than one sentence or 30 words. It is easier for the reader to read and it
provides a highlight of the quote (demonstrates to the reader that the
information is important).
4)
When
using block quotes, the quotes are to be single-spaced, and indented from both
sides of the margins (make the margins 1.5 inches). However, do not put quotation marks at the beginning
or the end of the quote. You may,
however, choose to shrink the font to 11pt if you wish (it can save some space
and it also further highlights the importance of the quote).
5)
Make
sure you properly indicate the relevant information of the source by placing
the important information (author, title, publication information and page
number) in either your footnotes or your endnotes.
Footnotes or Endnotes?:
This is a question that you must answer for yourself. It is entirely optional on which citation
method your chose to use in your paper.
However, you must choose one method and be consistent
throughout your paper. This is a brief
breakdown of the differences between footnotes and endnotes.
Footnotes: Footnotes can typically appear in one of two ways in a
paper. Their location depends on
whether you are using the ‘Political Science’ citation method or the ‘Bracket’
citation method. If you are using the
‘Political Science’ citation method then the citations will appear at the
bottom of the page. Each citation is
numerically numbered in sequential order starting with 1 and continuing until
the paper is done. If you are using the
‘Bracket’ citation method, the citation appears directly after the quote in
your paper – the information is contained in brackets with the period going at
the end of the brackets.
Endnotes: Endnotes appear that the end of the paper. This type of citation will be used with the
‘Political Science’ citation method.
Each citation is numerically numbered in sequential order starting with
1 and continuing until the paper is done.
Note: While the
choice is your as to the method of citation you use, remember that it is easier
one the reader if a student uses footnotes because all of the relevant sourcing
information (i.e. the author, title of the work, publication information and
page number) is at the bottom of the page (when you are using the ‘Political
Science’ citation method). If, however,
you are using the ‘Bracket’ citation method then the author’s name and page
number of where the quote can be located appears with the quote.
‘Political Science’
Citation:
General
Rules: The general rules for the
‘Political Science’ citation method are as follows:
1)
You
must include all of the relevant sourcing information. This means the author’s name, title of work,
publication information and page number must be included in the citation. If it is not then the citation is incomplete
and is hence incorrect.
2)
You
must use either footnotes or endnotes.
You cannot use both.
This means choose one type of citation and be consistent throughout your
paper.
3)
When
placing the number (to indicate what source your referring to), the number is always
placed outside of the period and quotation (if there is one) or outside the
period (in the case of Block Quotes).
4)
You
may shrink the font of your footnotes/endnotes to 10pt if you wish. However, do not go any smaller than 10pt.
One Author:
Book:
1 Howard E. Dean, Judicial
Review and Democracy (New York: Random House, 1970): 1.
Edited
Work (a Chapter written by one author in a book edited by another author):
2
Lawrence LeDuc, “Citizens’ Revenge: The Canadian Voter and the 1993 Federal
Election” in Politics Canada 8th Ed., Paul W. Fox and Graham
White, eds. (United States: Primus, 1996): 100.
Journal:
3
John D. Whyte, “Legality and Legitimacy: The Problem of Judicial Review
of Legislation” Queen’s Law Journal Vol. 12, no. 4 (Winter 1987): 6.
Newspaper:
4
Kirk Makin, “The Supreme Court of Canada” The Globe and Mail (25
November 2004): A1. This is not a real
source!
Two Authors:
Book:
5 Rainer Knopff and F.L.
Morton, Charter Politics (Scarborough: Nelson Canada, 1994): 50.
Edited
Work:
6 Lawrence LeDuc and Paul
Smith, “Citizens’ Revenge: The Canadian Voter and the 1993 Federal Election” in
Politics Canada 8th Ed., Paul W. Fox and Graham White, eds.
(United States: Primus, 1996): 100.
This is not a real source!
Journal:
7 John D. Whyte and John Doe,
“Legality and Legitimacy: The Problem of Judicial Review of Legislation” Queen’s
Law Journal Vol. 12, no. 4 (Winter 1987): 6. This is not a real source!
Newspaper:
8 Kirk Makin and John Doe,
“The Supreme Court of Canada” The Globe and Mail (25 November 2004):
A1. This is not a real source!
Three Authors:
Book:
9 Ian Greene, Peter McCormick
and John Doe, The Courts in Canada (Scarborough: Nelson Canada, 2004):
75. This is not a real source!
Edited
Work:
10 Lawrence LeDuc, Paul Smith
and John Doe, “Citizens’ Revenge: The Canadian Voter and the 1993 Federal
Election” in Politics Canada 8th Ed., Paul W. Fox and Graham
White, eds. (United States: Primus, 1996): 100. This is not a real source!
Journal:
11 John D. Whyte, John Doe and
Jane Doe, “Legality and Legitimacy: The Problem of Judicial Review of
Legislation” Queen’s Law Journal Vol. 12, no. 4 (Winter 1987): 6. This is not a real source!
Newspaper:
12 Kirk Makin, John Doe and
Jane Doe, “The Supreme Court of Canada” The Globe and Mail (25 November
2004): A1. This is not a real source!
More Than Three Authors:
Book:
13
Ian Greene et al., Final Appeal (Toronto: James Lorimer &
Company Ltd., 1998): 20.
Edited
Work:
14 Lawrence et al., “Citizens’
Revenge: The Canadian Voter and the 1993 Federal Election” in Politics
Canada 8th Ed., Paul W. Fox and Graham White, eds. (United
States: Primus, 1996): 100. This is not
a real source!
Journal:
15 John D. Whyte et al.,
“Legality and Legitimacy: The Problem of Judicial Review of Legislation” Queen’s
Law Journal Vol. 12, no. 4 (Winter 1987): 6. This is not a real source!
Newspaper
Article:
16 Kirk Makin et al., “The
Supreme Court of Canada” The Globe and Mail (25 November 2004): A1. This is not a real source!
Internet:
17 “Canada’s Courts”, Department of Justice
www.jus.gov.ca. [Internet accessed on January 1, 2005]. This is not a real source!
Cases:
18
Egan v. Canada, [1995] 2 S.C.R. 3.
19
M. v. H., [1999] 2 S.C.R. 3.
20
Vriend v. Alberta, [1998] 1 S.C.R. 493.
Legislation:
21
Constitution Act, 1982, Schedule B to the Canada Act, 1982 (U.K.,
1982, c. 11.
22 Public Service Employment Act, R.S.C.
[1985], c. P-33.
Ibid, Supra and Hereinafter Rules:
Ibid: This is Latin and can be loosely translated to mean
the same of immediate above source.
This is used when the source you are quoting from is the same as the
source immediately previous to it.
Since this is a Latin word, it must be italicized.
23 Howard E. Dean, Judicial
Review and Democracy (New York: Random House, 1970): 1.
24 Ibid., at 30.
Supra: This is Latin and can be
loosely translated to mean see above.
This is different from ibid because it means see another source
already mentioned that is not directly above. Since this is a Latin word, it must be
italicized.
25
John D. Whyte, “Legality and Legitimacy: The Problem of Judicial Review
of Legislation” Queen’s Law Journal Vol. 12, no. 4 (Winter 1987): 6.
26 Kirk Makin and John Doe,
“The Supreme Court of Canada” The Globe and Mail (25 November 2004):
A1. This is not a real source!
27 Whyte, supra note 25 at 15.
Hereinafter: This is a
shortcut that can be used when referencing cases. Hereinafter simply means that after this citation the source will
be referred to as something. This can
work both for cases within the text of your paper and future citations.
28
Egan v. Canada, [1995] 2 S.C.R. 3 [hereinafter Egan].
Note: Ibid, supra and
hereinafter are ‘shortcuts’ so you do not have to rewrite all of the source
information for each source. These are
to be used only with the ‘Political Science’ method (i.e. do not use them with
the ‘Bracket’ citing method – with the exception being the hereinafter
rule). It is, however, your choice as
to whether you want to use ibid, supra and the hereinafter rules
(personally, I use them because it saves a significant amount of time and space
in your paper.
Note: Footnotes
and endnotes also have one other purpose.
You can place additional text in them.
This allows you to further explain a point that may not be central to
your paper, but it may need to be further explained. For example, you can state that Supreme Court Judges in Canada
are appointed by the Prime Minister (main point) and then place in a footnote
that there are nine judges (secondary and less important point).
‘Bracket’ (MLA) Citation:
General Rules: The general rules for the
‘Bracket’ citation method are as follows:
1)
The
bracket () is placed at the end of the sentence, but before the period.
Judges should not make laws
because it is undemocratic ().
2)
You
must provide enough information to inform the reader what you are
sourcing. This means, at the very
least, that you must include the author(s)’ name and the page number.
Judges should not make laws
because it is undemocratic (Dean, 1).
3)
If,
however, you have more than one source by the same author then you must also
include the date of publication so that the reader can distinguish from which
source you are citing.
Judges should not make laws
because it is undemocratic (Dean, 1970, 1).
4)
If,
however, you have more than one source by the same author and they are both
within the same year, then you must also include the title of the work so that
the reader can distinguish from which source you are citing.
Judges should not make laws
because it is undemocratic (Dean, Judicial Review and Democracy, 1).
5)
If
you have an edited collection of works, you must include the name
of the author who wrote the article/chapter, the title of the work, where it is
from (i.e. who is the editor) and the page it can be found in the edited work.
The voters threw the
Progressive Conservative government out of office because they had become
disillusioned with its ability to govern (LeDuc, “Citizens’ Revenge: The
Canadian Voter and the 1993 Federal Election” in Fox and White, eds., 100).
6)
Journals
and newspaper articles adopt the same format and rules as books in terms of
citations. You must
include enough information to allow the reader to identify the source in your
‘Works Cited’ page. You must
also include the page number.
Judges need to be elected to
the Supreme Court of Canada (Makin, A1)
Judges should be confirmed
to the Supreme Court of Canada (Makin, 26 November, A1).
7)
For
Internet citations, you must provide the reader with enough
information to allow the reader to identify the source in your ‘Works Cited’
page. Usually, the name of the Internet
page/site will be enough.
There are nine judges on
Canada’s Supreme Court (“Canada’s Courts”).
8)
For
cases, you must provide the reader with the full name of the case
the first time you cite it. Then, if
you want, you can use the hereinafter rule (supra).
Sexual orientation is a
protected ground against discriminatory practices under s. 15(1) of the Charter
(Egan v. Canada, 3 [hereinafter Egan]).
9)
For
legislation, you must provide the reader with the full name of
the legislation and all of the information the first time you cite it. Then, if you want, you can use the
hereinafter rule (supra).
According to the Public
Service Employment Act, public employees do not have the right to vote in
federal elections [this is not true] (Public Service Employment Act,
R.S.C. [1985], c. P-33. [hereinafter PSEA]).
Note: As noted
above, you can choose any method of citation you wish, but make sure that you
are consistent throughout. Also note
that if you think that you are going to be short on space then I suggest using
the ‘Political Science’ method since many professors will not count page
lengths the same if footnotes are present.
And, if you are really really tight for space, then I suggest using
endnotes because endnotes usually do not count in your overall page
number. The ‘Political Science’
citation method can, in other words, save you a significant amount of space. It is also easier to read because you can
look at the sources when you come across them or later (it is up to the reader)
whereas with the ‘Bracket’ method, the reader must look at the sources while
reading the text.
Bibliography/Works Cited:
General Rules: There are some key rules
for your ‘Bibliography’/‘Works Cited’ that must be followed in
order for your ‘Bibliography’/‘Works Cited’ to be correct. These rules are:
1)
Never number your sources.
2)
Place
your sources in alphabetical order with the author(s)’ last
name first.
3)
Single-space
each source and double-space between each of the sources.
4)
Always place your ‘Bibliography’/‘Works Cited’ page on a separate page.
5)
For
Internet sources, give the name of the page (or author if there is one), the
address of the page and the date in which you accessed the page.
6)
For
journal articles, you must include the beginning page number of
the journal article.
7)
Always separate
cases and legislation from your other sources.
For cases, place sources in alphabetical order under the heading of
Cases Cited. For legislation, place the
sources in alphabetical order under the heading of Legislation Cited.
8)
For
cases, you must italicize the name of the case and provide full
citation information (reporter, year and the beginning page number of the
case).
9)
If
you chose to use the ‘Political Science’ citation method then you must refer
to you bibliography as a ‘Bibliography’ (i.e. call it a ‘Bibliography’). If, however, you use the ‘Bracket’ citation
method then you must refer to your bibliography as a ‘Works Cited’.
Books, Periodicals and Internet Sources:
“Canada’s
Courts”, Department of Justice www.jus.gov.ca. [Internet accessed on January 1, 2005].
Dean, Howard, E. Judicial Review and Democracy. New York: Random House, 1970.
Fox, Paul W. and Graham
White, eds. Politics Canada 8th Ed. United States: Primus,
1996).
Greene, Ian et al. Final
Appeal. Toronto: James Lorimer & Company Ltd., 1998.
Knopff, Rainer and F.L.
Morton. Charter Politics. Scarborough: Nelson Canada, 1994.
Makin, Kirk. “The Supreme
Court of Canada” The Globe and Mail (25 November 2004): A1.
Whyte, John D. “Legality and
Legitimacy: The Problem of Judicial Review of Legislation” Queen’s Law
Journal 12 (Winter 1987): 1.
Cases Cited:
Egan
v. Canada, [1995] 2 S.C.R. 3.
M.
v. H., [1999] 2 S.C.R. 3.
Vriend
v. Alberta, [1998] 1 S.C.R. 493.
Legislation Cited:
Constitution
Act, 1982, Schedule B to the Canada Act, 1982 (U.K., 1982, c. 11.
Public
Service Employment Act, R.S.C. [1985], c. P-33.