FEMINIST THEORIES
FEMINIST
PERSPECTIVES è OFFER VARIOUS, SOMETIMES
COMPETING, “SOCIAL CONSTRUCTIONIST” EXPLANATIONS FOR THE PERVASIVENESS OF
RELATIONSHIPS OF DOMINATION AND SUBORDINATION BETWEEN MEN AND WOMEN è AND FOR A RANGE OF UNDERSTANDINGS ABOUT THE CHANGES
REQUIRED TO REDRESS EXPLOITATIVE AND OPPRESSIVE RELATIONSHIPS.
1) MAIN SOURCE OF GENDER INEQUALITY IS THE "PROCESS OF SOCIALIZATION" (LEARNING PROCESS BY WHICH YOU ACQUIRE THE KNOWLEDGE, SKILL, AND MOTIVATIONS REQUIRED TO PARTICIPATE IN SOCIAL LIFE).
2) THE CIRCUMSTANCES THAT SHAPED WOMEN’S LIVES WERE THE LAWS AND PREJUDICES (SHARED BY MEN AND WOMEN) THAT EXCLUDED THEM FROM THE PUBLIC SPHERE AND FROM THE RIGHT TO EARN THEIR OWN LIVING ON AN EQUAL FOOTING WITH MEN.
3) WOMEN STRUGGLED FOR THE RIGHT TO HIGHER
EDUCATION, ENTRANCE INTO THE PROFESSIONS, THE RIGHT TO OWN PROPERTY AND HOLD
PUBLIC OFFICE, AND FOR SUFFRAGE, THE RIGHT THAT CAME TO SYMBOLIZE FULL
CITIZENSHIP.
4) THE SOLUTION: – EDUCATION = REMOVE
INDIVIDUAL IGNORANCE. THEREFORE, THESE LAWS AND THE PREJUDICES THAT UNDERWROTE
THEM WOULD GRADUALLY BE REPLACED BY EXTENDING EQUALITY OF OPPORTUNITY TO WOMEN.
SOCIALIST FEMINISM:
1) OPPRESSIVE RELATIONS BETWEEN THE SEXES ARE
NOT SIMPLY DERIVATIVE OF CLASS. THE INTERCONNECTIONS BETWEEN SEX OPPRESSION AND
CLASS EXPLOITATION HAVE (HAD)TO BE ADDRESSED.
2) A. FOCUSED ON THE LABOUR DONE BY WOMEN IN THE HOUSEHOLD—CALLED DOMESTIC LABOUR—HELPS TO SUSTAIN THE CAPITALIST SYSTEM.
(A) REARING CHILDREN;
(B)
SUSTAINING HUSBANDS.
RESULT:
BOTH CAPITALISTS AND INDIVIDUAL MEN BENEFIT FROM THE UNPAID AND PERSONAL
SERVICE OF WOMEN IN THE HOME.
3) SOME SOCIALIST FEMINISTS ANALYZED THE
INTERCONNECTIONS BETWEEN THE PUBLIC SPHERE OF CAPITALIST AND STATE RELATIONS
AND THE PRIVATE SPHERE OF THE FAMILY/ HOUSEHOLD.
(A) CAPITALISM DONE AT FRACTION OF THE COST;
(B) THE APPEARANCE OF THE DISTINCTION BETWEEN
PRIVATE AND PUBLIC SUSTAINS THE UNEQUAL RELATIONS BETWEEN MEN AND WOMEN
THROUGHOUT SOCIETY.
4) THE SOLUTION: OVERCOME THE PRIVATE
AND PUBLIC SPLIT è FAMILY WAGE; DENIAL OF
EDUCATION; NO SOCIAL SUPPORTS FOR CHILD CARE.
1) GENDER INEQUALITY IS ROOTED IN THE
MATERIAL CONDITIONS OF MEN AND WOMEN. THE BIOLOGICAL FAMILY IS AN INHERENTLY
UNEQUAL POWER DISTRIBUTION.
LIKE
MARXISM WHICH CONTENDS: MONOGAMY WAS THE FIRES FORM OF THE FAMILY TO BE BASED
NOT ON NATURAL CONDITIONS BUT ON ECONOMIC CONDITIONS: THE EXCLUSIVE AIMS OF
MONOGAMOUS MARRIAGE WERE TO MAKE THE MAN SUPREME IN THE FAMILY AND TO
PROPAGATE, AS THE FUTURE HEIRS TO HIS WEALTH, CHILDREN INDISPUTABLY HIS OWN.
2) THE SOLE PURPOSE OF MONOGAMOUS MARRIAGE IS
TO SUBJUGATE THE FEMALE SEX TO THE MALE è THEY LOCATE MEN’S POWER
OVER WOMEN IN THEIR ABILITY TO CONTROL WOMEN SEXUALLY AND TO DEVELOP THE
INSTITUTIONS THAT ENSURE CONTINUING CONTROL.
WESTERN
SOCIETIES ARE A FORM OF PATRIARCHY -- RULE OF MEN, MEN ARE THE MAIN
BENEFICIARIES OF THESE SOCIETIES è IN A WORLD OF UNEQUAL POWER
RELATIONS BETWEEN MEN AND WOMEN, COMPULSORY HETEROSEXUALITY
ENSURES NOT ONLY WOMEN’S SEXUAL DEPENDENCE UPON MEN BUT ALSO THEIR
ECONOMIC, SOCIAL, AND PSYCHOLOGICAL DEPENDENCE.
3) THE SOLUTION: THE ELIMINATION OF MEN AND THE TRADITIONAL FAMILY FROM WOMEN'S LIVES -- "COMPULSORY HETEROSEXUALITY" IS THE KEY WAY WOMEN ARE SUBORDINATED AND ENSLAVED IN THIS SOCIETY èWOMEN SHOULD BUILD THEIR OWN INSTITUTIONS FROM HEALTH CLINICS AND WOMEN'S SHELTERS TO SMALL BUSINESSES, ART GALLERIES ETC.
[[[FLERAS: PP.132 "SOCIAL PROBLEMS"
== LIBERAL FEMINISM (LEVELING THE PLAYING FIELD -- REMOVING
DISCRIMINATORY BARRIERS) == MARXIST FEMINISM (WORKERS (WOMEN AND MEN) OF
THE WORLD UNITE -- RESTRUCTURE SOCIETY TO ELIMINATE PRIVATE PROPERTY AT THE
BASE OF EXPLOITATION) == RADICAL FEMINISM (HEY, HO, PATRIARCHY HAS TO GO
-- ELIMINATE PATRIARCHY AND THE NUCLEAR FAMILY THAT SUPPORTS IT) == CULTURAL
FEMINISM (CELEBRATE AND POLITICIZE
WOMEN AS DIFFERENT AND VALUABLE) == RAINBOW FEMINISM (COATS OF MANY
COLOURS -- WHITE FEMINIST AND FEMINIST OF COLOUR HAVE DIFFERENT AGENDAS WHERE
ADDITIONAL PRESSURES RELATED TO RACISM AND ETHNICITY ARE SUPERIMPOSED ON AND INTERSECT GENDER AND CLASS, AMPLIFYING
INEQUALITY) == CONSERVATIVE FEMINISM (THE GOOD OLD DAYS -- ESPOUSES A
VIEW OF EQUALITY THAT ACKNOWLEDGES WOMEN IN TRADITIONAL, MATERNAL, DOMESTIC
ROLES TO CURE THE BREAKDOWN IN THE FABRIC OF SOCIETY)]].
SUPPLEMENTAL:
A) THIRD
WAVE FEMINISM è THIRD WAVE
FEMINISTS USE “MEDIA AS A TOOL OF
RESISTANCE.”è RIOT GIRRLS AND ZINESè NEW FORMS OF MEDIA TO DISSEMINATE AND CIRCULATE
KNOWLEDGE PERTAINING TO JUSTICE FOR WOMEN – TAKING PLACE WITHIN AN UNDERGROUND
CULTURE. }
B) BLACK FEMINISM è BLACK FEMINIST THEORY HAS
ARGUED THAT BLACK WOMEN ARE POSITIONED WITH IN STRUCTURES OF POWER IN
FUNDAMENTALLY DIFFERENT WAYS THAN WHITE WOMEN
[ASIDE/ ALL IN ALL: è BLACK
FEMINISM/ EVOLVED PARALELL AND DIFFERENT FROM WHITE FEMINISM è SOJOURNER
TRUTH, HARRIET TUBMAN, FRANCES E. W. HARPER, IDA B. WELLES
BARNETT AND MARY CHURCH TERRELL, PRESIDENT OF THE NATIONAL
ASSOCIATION OF COLORED WOMEN FOUNDED IN 1896 è CANDADA – MARY ANN SHADD {THE PROVINCIAL FREEMAN} / VIOLA DESMOND {THE NEW GLASGOW REVOLT}è
BLACK FEMINIST THEORY HAS ARGUED THAT BLACK WOMEN ARE POSITIONED WITH IN STRUCTURES OF POWER IN FUNDAMENTALLY DIFFERENT
WAYS THAN WHITE WOMEN.
SEE THEMSELVES
AS HAVING STRUGGLED FOR RECOGNITION, NOT
ONLY FROM MEN IN THEIR OWN CULTURE, BUT ALSO FROM WESTERN FEMINISTS.
THREE FUNDAMENTAL PROPOSITIONS:
1) BLACK
FEMINIST THEORY HAS ARGUED THAT BLACK WOMEN ARE POSITIONED WITH IN STRUCTURES
OF POWER IN FUNDAMENTALLY DIFFERENT WAYS THAN WHITE WOMEN
2) SEE
THEMSELVES AS HAVING STRUGGLED FOR RECOGNITION, NOT
ONLY FROM MEN IN THEIR OWN CULTURE, BUT ALSO FROM WESTERN FEMINISTS.
3) [UPSHOT]
BLACK FEMINISTS CONTEND THAT THE LIBERATION OF BLACK WOMEN ENTAILS FREEDOM
FOR ALL PEOPLE, SINCE IT WOULD REQUIRE THE END OF RACISM, SEXISM, AND CLASS
OPPRESSION.
THESIS: BLACK FEMINISM ARGUES THAT SEXISM, CLASS
OPPRESSION, AND RACISM ARE INEXTRICABLY BOUND TOGETHER è
ASIDE: THERE IS A LONG-STANDING AND
IMPORTANT ALLIANCE BETWEEN POSTCOLONIAL FEMINISTS, WHICH OVERLAPS
WITH TRANSNATIONAL FEMINISM AND THIRD-WORLD FEMINISM, AND BLACK
FEMINISTS è BOTH [OR ALL] SEE THEMSELVES AS HAVING STRUGGLED FOR
RECOGNITION, NOT ONLY FROM MEN IN
THEIR OWN CULTURE, BUT ALSO
FROM WESTERN FEMINISTS [AND THEIR ‘COMFORTABLE CONCENTRATION CAMPS’].
INTERSECTIONALITY [?]è THE NECESSITY OF A METHODOLOGY OF STUDYING
THE RELATIONSHIPS AMONG MULTIPLE DIMENSIONS OF OPPRESSION è SUCH
AS GENDER, RACE, CLASS, ABILITY, SEXUAL ORIENTATION, AND OTHER AXES OF IDENTITY
INTERACT ON MULTIPLE AND OFTEN SIMULTANEOUS LEVELS, CONTRIBUTING TO
SYSTEMATIC SOCIAL INEQUALITY. INTERSECTIONALITY HOLDS THAT THE CLASSICAL
CONCEPTUALIZATIONS OF OPPRESSION WITHIN SOCIETY, SUCH AS RACISM, SEXISM, HOMOPHOBIA,
AND RELIGION-BASED BIGOTRY, DO NOT ACT INDEPENDENTLY OF ONE ANOTHER; INSTEAD,
THESE FORMS OF OPPRESSION INTERRELATE, CREATING A SYSTEM OF OPPRESSION THAT
REFLECTS THE "INTERSECTION" OF MULTIPLE FORMS OF DISCRIMINATION.
OPPRESSION OLYMPICS VS. OPPRESSION
IMPERIALISM [?]