Osgoode Hall Law School has established a clinical legal education curriculum that permits students to engage in real or simulated lawyering roles as part of their course of study. These programs are designed not to teach lawyering skills as such, but rather to place students in situations where they may grapple with the dynamics of the legal process and their relations to law as theory.

Advanced Business Law Workshops (M&A)
This program draws together various aspects of securities and corporate law under the broad title of "M&A" and applies the knowledge to analyzing typical problems that confront a business lawyer involved in M&A transactions. Students will also develop insight into the broader theoretical and ethical considerations that necessarily confront a business lawyer. The workshop is conducted by Carol Pennycook, Patricia Olasker and other partners at Davies Ward Phillips & Vineberg LLP.

The workshop will focus on mergers and acquisitions, with an emphasis on public companies and will examine take-over bids; defences; corporate reorganizations; going private and related party transactions; and related aspects of competition law and corporate governance. Seminars include classroom lectures, problem-solving and written assignments. Students will have one major assignment that may involve negotiation and preparation of an agreement and three additional written assignments, such as preparation of a memorandum or letter of advice to a client in respect of various issues that may arise in merger and acquisition transactions. The program has no major research paper or exam.

Intensive Program in Business Law
The program is designed to provide students with in-depth experience in several areas of advanced business law as reflected in current strategies used by business to finance expansion, to enhance the market value of their shares, to combine for greater productivity and efficiency and to meet the challenges of globalization and information technology. Students will be exposed to advanced income tax, banking, securities, corporate, competition, intellectual property and commercial law mixtures in transactional settings. Commercial litigation, including class actions will also be covered. The Business Law Intensive Program is open to 16 students in the Fall Term for a full semester's work (15 credit hours).

The program will be directed by Warren Grover, presently the Falconbridge Professor of Commercial Law and a partner emeritus of Blake, Cassels & Graydon LLP. Several members of the full-time Osgoode faculty (coordinated through Professor Tom Johnson), as well as several partners and associates of Blake, Cassels & Graydon LLP, will also participate with respect to their areas of expertise. The program will start with a series of lectures to introduce students to important concepts of business law not covered in the prerequisites including financial statements, intellectual property, pensions, environmental law and competition law.

Thereafter, students will be introduced to legal considerations involved in the acquisition of an existing business, using shares of a NYSE listed corporation as consideration. The program will also include other advanced business transactions such as financial sector regulation, normal course borrowing, initial public offering, asset securitization, derivatives, take over bids, restructurings and an oppression action. In each case, the legal principles will be explained through lectures and the underlying documentation will be explained and examined. As the materials will be provided in electronic format and the lectures will be largely delivered using PowerPoint, all students must have notebook computers. Materials are made available on the Blakes.com Web site.

Classes will be held at both Osgoode Hall Law School and at the Toronto office of Blake, Cassels & Graydon LLP, Monday through Thursday each week. Attendance is mandatory and students are expected to read the assigned materials before class in order to participate in class. Students will be required to write one major paper of approximately 30 pages, to complete several written assignments based on the materials and to make one one-hour long classroom presentation with another student on an assigned topic. Letter grades will be given for three 5-hour credits based on the paper, the assignments, and the presentation together with classroom participation. There will be a writing week without classes in late October/early November, immediately after which the paper will be due. The program will continue until December 5.

The program will expose each student to concepts in important areas of advanced business law so the student may further develop specific areas of particular interest in the final term at the Law School. More information about the program can be accessed from the Blake, Cassels & Graydon LLP Web site.

Osgoode Business Clinic
The objectives of the OBC are to provide a limited number of Osgoode students with an opportunity to complement their studies in business law and related areas by engaging in clinical casework under the expert supervision of legal practitioners; and to provide basic legal information and advice to a limited number of persons who could not otherwise afford to obtain professional legal services in the process of starting or operating their small business enterprise. Practitioners from the law firm of Stikeman Elliott will supervise students' legal work.

This course will provide students with skills-based training so that they may practice business law effectively. Skills covered in the OBC include: case management; client interviews; identifying the appropriate enterprise structure and documents required by the client; legal drafting; negotiation skills; drafting reporting letters; and closing the file.

Students registered in OBC, in addition to attending to client matters and meeting with supervising counsel, are required to attend regular sessions on file management and legal skills. Clinic students are also required to meet regularly with the Course Director, to discuss their file progress and related issues.

Participation in OBC is by permission of the Course Director. Students participating in OBC must register for the Fall and
Winter semesters.

Students will meet regularly with the Director of OBC for discussions on file progress and related issues; and will act as mentors to volunteer students from first year.

Although time spent on files will vary, the number of contact hours is estimated as follows:

• Files: approximately 20 hours per semester for two semesters;
• Meeting with supervising counsel: approximately 6 hours per semester for two semesters;
• Meeting with Director, OBC: approximately 6 hours per semester for two semesters.
  Students will receive a pass/fail grade and a detailed evaluation of their clinical work.

Innocence Project
The Innocence Project at Osgoode Hall Law School involves work on cases of suspected wrongful conviction. Students will be working on files under the direction of Professor Dianne Martin with supervision from local lawyers in addition to studying areas of law germane to the problem of wrongful conviction.

The Innocence Project will involve work over two terms. Students will work on a directed research project of three credit hours in the first term and a clinical program of six credit hours
in the second term for a total of nine credits. Students will be selected on the basis of an interview conducted with the two Directors of the Project.

The heart of the program is supervised clinical work on actual cases of possible wrongful conviction which have been pre-screened by the Directors of the Project and by the Association in Defence of the Wrongfully Convicted (AIDWYC). Beyond the investigative work which must be undertaken on any file, students will be required to conduct an exhaustive review of the record in the trial and appellate courts, and may be involved in obtaining new forensic or DNA testing. Students will also be responsible for a major paper on an issue relevant to the problem of wrongful conviction.

Throughout the two terms, students will be required to attend regular workshops on issues relevant to the problem of wrongful conviction. In terms of the major paper and the workshops, students in the Innocence Project will study the following subjects:

Forensic Testing
The Law of Interrogation
The Law and the Flaws of Eyewitness Identification
Analyzing Circumstantial Evidence
Professional Conduct: Crown Disclosure, Ineffective Assistance of Counsel
Exculpatory Evidence and Evidence of "Other Suspects"
Overreaching Prosecution (including evaluation of opening and closing addresses to the jury)
Change of Venue and Challenge for Cause
Jail House Confession and the Use of Informants

Clinical work will be evaluated on the basis of a pass/fail grade and a detailed evaluation prepared by the Directors of the Project. The major paper will receive a letter grade.

Community and Legal Aid Services Program (CLASP)
The Community and Legal Aid Services Program (CLASP) is a community service provided by Osgoode students. CLASP provides free legal services to low-income persons, including full-time undergraduate York University students, not eligible for a legal aid certificate. In addition, CLASP works with community groups in legal areas and actively participates in legal research for the purpose of law reform. Legal work at the clinic is supervised by full-time counsel. A six-person board including three upper-year students elected by their peers, a faculty member, a CLASP alumnus and the clinic director oversees CLASP and formulates its policies.
CLASP provides an opportunity for law students to gain experience and skills in client relations and advocacy as well as exposure to the legal and social needs of Toronto's varied low-income community. Students are encouraged to become involved as volunteers in all aspects of CLASP's services, including casework, research for law reform and as duty counsel (answering questions and taking applications). Volunteers can also participate in the various satellite clinics at the 519 Church Street Community Centre (preparation of wills and powers of attorneys for people living with AIDS or HIV), the Anishiwabe Health Centre and the Fort York Daily Bread Food Bank.

The clinic has eight divisions: criminal, administrative, tenant, immigration, women's, community outreach, workers' and consumers' rights. Two or more students are responsible for each division and are supervised by counsel. Student board members and division leaders are paid for the summer but are required to serve as division leaders on a volunteer basis throughout the academic year.
Student division leaders receive five credit hours on a pass-fail basis for successfully completing their clinical work, including two written projects, during the academic year. They are also required to participate in the CLASP seminar in the Fundamentals of the Lawyering Process for a further three credits.

Training in relevant skills and substantive law is provided at different levels throughout the year, particularly in the summer and the beginning of the academic year.

Intensive Program in Criminal Law
The Intensive Program in Criminal Law is open to 20 students in the Winter Term for a full semester's work (15 credit hours).
Program Profile

1. Students will write two papers on topics approved by the Director within the fields of criminal evidence and procedure, the administration of criminal justice and substantive criminal law. Students will also make one seminar presentation from a selection of 20 major areas of criminal justice activity. The Director will give seminar leaders a written assessment of each seminar undertaken. Students are expected to attend lectures, seminars and discussion sessions coordinated by the Director of the program and involving invited guests currently employed within the criminal justice system. In the opening sessions, students are exposed to trial advocacy, to the forensic sciences (such as toxicology and biology), and to the basics of criminal case management.
2. Students will gain practical experience in handling two days of traffic prosecutions and one defence case in a summary
conviction matter. Students must provide written analysis of the experience gained.
3. There will be a 10-week placement with a specially selected member of the judiciary at the Superior Court of Justice, the Ontario Court of Justice, or with Crown Counsel or Defence Counsel. During these placements, students are exposed to every element of the process from initial client interview to |sentencing and appeal. Students will make weekly written reports on their activities and reflections, and placement personnel will report in writing on the students' performance.
4. Students will visit the Forensic Science Laboratory and Forensic Pathology in order to gain practical experience in forensic science and pathology.
5. Students will also visit a provincial correctional centre and a federal penitentiary to obtain first-hand contact with staff
and residents.

The two papers are letter graded, whereas the seminars and the placements are on a pass/fail basis. The outline/bibliography for the first paper must be approved by the end of Week 2, and the paper is due the end of Week 7. For the second paper, the outline/bibliography must be approved by the end of Week 9, while the paper is due on the last day of examinations. At the conclusion of the semester, the Director will supply each student with a four-page written evaluation of their performance in the course.

Intensive Program in Immigration and Refugee Law
The Intensive Program in Immigration and Refugee Law exposes students to a challenging series of seminars, clinical placements, hands-on simulations, and supervised research work. Its goal is to assist students to assess critically the underlying tenets of this rapidly evolving body of public law, and the roles that lawyers play in its design and implementation.

The program commences with a one-week introduction to the major themes to be examined over the semester, including the historical determinants of domestic immigration policy, the international context within which migration law is situated today and the limits of nation state authority over the movement of persons between states.

This is followed by the two core modules of the program, namely Advanced Immigration Law and Advanced Refugee Law. Each of these modules consists of two weeks of seminar instruction, followed by a two-week external placement, and concluding with one week for reporting and synthesis. Over the course of the program, students therefore engage in two different two-week external placements (one in relation to immigration law, and one dealing with refugee law) in a variety of advocacy, adjudicative, and governmental settings in Toronto, across Canada, and in a limited number of placements outside Canada. In past years, placements have been arranged with, for example, senior policy advisers to the federal government in Ottawa; with judges of the Federal Court and members of the Immigration and Refugee Board; with prominent immigration and refugee law practitioners; with the United Nations High Commissioner in Turkey and El Salvador; and with non-governmental organizations in Canada and overseas. Students are given basic training in field research methods, and compile an analytical journal in which they assess their experiences in relation to a set of research issues. Because students are placed with the full range of institutional actors, the sharing of experiences during the reporting weeks allows a well-rounded understanding of the immigration and refugee law processes to emerge.

The third module of the program is a week devoted to participation in a set of simulation exercises. Students will be called upon to apply their first-hand knowledge of the immigration and refugee law processes by taking part in an immigration hearing, refugee status determination, application for judicial review, or appeal. The purpose of this component is to foster the melding of doctrine, theory, and hands-on experience.

In the fourth and final module, each student will prepare a research paper on a theme of his or her choice under the guidance of one of the supervising faculty members. Periodic tutorials bring together students engaged in similar areas of research, but students are otherwise free to devote themselves full-time to research over the final three weeks of the program.

Completion of the program entitles a student to a full 15 credits, evaluated by four distinct letter grades reflecting work done in each of the Advanced Immigration Law, Advanced Refugee Law, Externship & Simulation and Intensive Research components.

Intensive Program in Aboriginal Lands, Resources and Governments
Over the last 20 years, issues relating to Aboriginal peoples and Aboriginal rights have entered the mainstream of Canadian political and legal life. Today, in important areas including constitutional law, environmental law, land use planning, resource management, and criminal law, it is necessary to know basic principles of law which define the relations with Aboriginal peoples and Canada, as well as the law of the Aboriginal peoples themselves.

The Intensive Program in Aboriginal Lands, Resources and Governments provides a unique opportunity for students to learn how the law operates in the context of dynamic working environments.

1. Objectives
To produce a new generation of Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal lawyers better able to address issues related to the partnership of Aboriginal peoples in confederation.

To create a new clinical legal education program with significant multi-disciplinary and interdisciplinary features.

To provide accurate description of how current negotiations on lands, resources and Aboriginal governments are currently conducted.

To provide opportunities to acquire practical and theoretical information and skills on how to address legal issues relating to Aboriginal people in a more open and creative way, giving more emphasis to the historical, economic, cultural, linguistic and spiritual differences that are not addressed in conventional law school classes.

To provide a relevant legal education to students interested in both the legal (constitutional, formal, customary and other) and important non-legal issues that arise in the fields of lands, resources and Aboriginal governance.

2. The Program
The program is the only one of its kind in North America. It combines a rigorous academic experience with challenging placements in the field. A full term worth 15 credits is awarded.

There are four phases to the semester. The first phase is two weeks in January. Taught in this period are both substantive law, and skills necessary to utilize the law in the placements, using lectures, videos, class simulations, and problem-solving exercises. There is also a trip to a reserve and an opportunity to meet leading members of Aboriginal communities.
The second phase is a seven-week placement. The program has a number of placements available and requests for new placements can be accommodated. The Director will make the final decision on matching specific students to specific placements.

In the third phase, the students come back to Osgoode for two weeks to consolidate their experiences, and to expand their knowledge in areas encountered in their placements. Students will each submit a paper presentation and also make a two-hour oral presentation based on their placement experiences.

The students conduct legal research during the final phase and submit a major legal research paper.

3. In the Classroom
Rather than being taught the basics of new areas of the law, students are taught how to use law in creative ways to solve problems. The importance of this issue-based approach to the law is particularly evident in addressing problems Aboriginal peoples encounter within the Canadian legal context. Because of the distinctive history, culture and political situation of Aboriginal peoples, a distinctive approach to identifying and utilizing laws must be developed. Laws of Aboriginal nations themselves play an important part in determining the law applicable in certain contexts and the course employs an approach which respects the laws of those nations.

4. In the Field
The program can place students with Aboriginal organizations, environmental organizations, on reserves, with law firms and with government departments to work on applied legal issues. Clinical field placements are important because they provide a variety of experiences and perspectives that would be impossible to simulate in the classroom. Examples of placement work include land claims research, analyzing new legislation, assistance in preparation for litigation, attending negotiation sessions, making presentations to Chief and Council and accompanying Crown Attorneys on a fly-in circuit court.

5. Evaluation
A variety of evaluative methods are used. Two papers (a written presentation regarding the student's placement experience and a major legal research paper) are prepared during the term, for which letter grades are awarded. Comments from the placement sponsor, the student presentation to the class and the daily journal kept during the placement are considered by the director, who then prepares a written evaluation which is attached to the transcript
of the student.

The program is open to 20 students in the Winter Term for a full semester's work worth 15 credit hours.

Intensive Program in Poverty Law at Parkdale Community Legal Services
Parkdale Community Legal Services was established 30 years ago as the first community-based legal aid clinic in Ontario. Law students have been placed with the clinic since its inception. Students accepted into the Intensive Program in Poverty Law will join more than 1,500 members of the Bar who have participated in this enriching and challenging experience.
The goals of the Intensive Program include:

1. The development of an understanding of the social phenomenon of poverty, and of its causes and effects;
2. The critical analysis of the legal system's and lawyers' responses to poverty, including questions about substantive and procedural law, the legal delivery system and issues of professional ethics;
3. The examination and evaluation of alternative strategies for intervention to alleviate poverty by the legal system and lawyers.

The Intensive Program places 20 students for an entire semester in the poverty law context of an operating community-based legal services clinic. The clinic is located in the Parkdale community, which is in the southwest section of the old city of Toronto.
Law students are an integral part of the clinic. They are placed in one of the four working groups at the clinic and are responsible for interviewing clients and carrying a caseload of clients' files. Students are introduced as well to less traditional approaches to legal services, including principles of community organizing and education, community outreach and law reform. Students are expected to become involved in the clinic's community development projects, ranging from public legal education to work with client and community groups.

The casework is principally in areas of public (administrative) law and on occasion will involve the student in appearances before boards, tribunals and occasionally courts. The bulk of the work entails interviewing and counselling clients and informal advocacy with government bureaucracies, landlords, and employers. Students are supervised by a staff lawyer, a community legal worker (CLW) and the Academic Director of the clinic.

The formal educational component of the program includes an introductory week of clinic-based instruction during the last week of August, a weekly seminar offered at the Law School by the Academic Director, and group meetings conducted at the clinic by staff lawyers and CLWs one or two mornings a week. Students are required to prepare a 30-page research paper, which will be a contribution to the clinic's ongoing work. In addition to these structured components, there is a good deal of opportunity for informal learning to take place. The aim is always two-fold: to enable the students to offer the best service possible to clinic clients and the community we serve; and to give students both the occasions and the intellectual support necessary to reflect on their experiences.

The Work of the Clinic
Parkdale Community Legal Services (PCLS) is a busy clinic funded by the Ontario Legal Aid Plan and by Osgoode Hall Law School
of York University. Since 1971 PCLS has provided legal services to low-income residents of Parkdale in a wide variety of subject areas, including income security, workers' and tenants' rights, immigration and refugee law, and domestic violence. There is a permanent staff of about 20, including five lawyers, six community legal workers (CLWs), two articling students and seven support staff. The Academic Director of the clinic is a member of the faculty at Osgoode Hall Law School.

At present Parkdale Community Legal Services is organized into four groups. A student will work for the entire term within one of these four groups:

1. Welfare and family group
2. Immigration and Refugee group
3. Landlord and tenant group
4. Workers' rights group

Introductory Clinic-based Skills Week
All students accepted into the program, both for the Fall or for the Winter Term, are required to attend an introductory week of clinic-based skills instruction during the last week of August. Basic practice skills such as interviewing and litigation will be combined with an understanding of the work in the context of the Parkdale community. It will be a good opportunity to get to know the staff, and the other students participating in the program. The sessions are held mainly in the Parkdale community. Attendance at Clinic Skills Week is mandatory.

Term Dates
A term at PCLS starts early and always extends to the last day of the exam period at Osgoode Hall Law School. Students are expected to be in attendance at PCLS between these dates. There is no "reading week" break in the Fall Term. During the longer winter semester students may schedule an individual "reading week" break. (Please note that as it is not possible to accommodate the regular university reading week, student reading week breaks are staggered through the Winter Term.)

In-House Clinic Orientation
The first week of each semester is an orientation week which includes several events, activities and training sessions which are designed to orient new students to the specifics of the work of the clinic: office procedures, file management practices, new intakes, etc. During this week, files are assigned and students have an opportunity to "shadow" experienced students on intake.
It is necessary for students who have completed their term in the program to be at the clinic during parts of Orientation Week in the subsequent semester in order to facilitate the transfer of files to new students, to introduce new students to intake and interviewing clients, and to assist more generally in the transition between terms of students.

Hours of Work
It is not possible to be precise about the hours of work. A term at PCLS is in many ways more than a full-time commitment. The clinic's hours extend into evenings. Community work and events often happen in the evenings and on weekends. Students should anticipate some evening and weekend work at the clinic or in the community. As a general rule, students are expected to be at the clinic during business hours even when not on intake.

Workload
Each student will handle a caseload in the vicinity of 15 active files. In addition, students spend a good deal of time on intake and in offering summary advice to clients or referring them to other appropriate agencies or services. As well, students are expected to become involved in community organization and law reform work.

Credit and Grading
The Intensive Program in Poverty Law at Parkdale Community Legal Services is a 15- credit program. Three credits are allocated to the academic seminar led by the Academic Director. Students receive a letter grade for this portion of their credit. The remaining 12 credits are awarded by the Academic Director on a credit/no-credit basis, pursuant to detailed evaluations of the student's performance by the student's supervising staff lawyer and CLW. These evaluations, together with a summarizing evaluation report written by the Academic Director, are included with the student's mark and form part of the student's academic transcript.

Acceptance and Withdrawal
The work of the clinic cannot accommodate last-minute adjustments. Accordingly, acceptance of an offer of a place in the program will include an undertaking in writing that the student will not subsequently seek to withdraw except for the most pressing and urgent of personal reasons. The discretion to allow such a withdrawal rests with the Associate Dean, who will consult with the Academic Director.

Summer Employment
Each year PCLS applies to the Clinic Funding Committee of the Ontario Legal Aid Plan for funding for 20 summer student positions. Our ability to offer summer work to students is dependent upon receipt of this funding.

Assuming the same level of funding as last year, students who accept a position in the program will be eligible for summer employment at the clinic (if they have indicated their interest in it on the application form). We seek to hire 12 to 16 new students who will be coming to the clinic in the next academic year (half of these being students who are coming in the fall, and half those coming to the clinic in the winter). We attempt to reserve four to eight positions for students who have already completed the program. This is done so that there will always be a core of experienced students at the clinic, who are able to assist the new students. PCLS has made a commitment to employment equity, and will give priority to applicants who are members of traditionally disadvantaged sectors of our society, where competence is equal. We may also consider your career goals and current financial need.

Students are advised that typically PCLS is only able to offer relatively modest summer salaries.

Intensive Research Program
This program offers the opportunity for intensive work under the personal direction of a full time faculty member, at an advanced level. While a major research paper will be the keystone of each student's research over two or three semesters, it will be set in the context of work in related courses and seminars. Students may also take, with approval, some non-related courses and seminars of more general interest. Students may have the opportunity to participate in a symposium run by faculty researchers, which would provide a forum for the exchange of research results and methodologies. Completed research programs have covered a variety of topics from the use of the videotape in the court to the inference drawing processes of the jury. The past academic and employment experiences of the student do seem to have had a bearing upon what has been researched. If you wish to pursue such a program, first locate a supervisor. Professor cooperation is crucial.

Supervised Research Papers
A student may receive up to a total of nine hours of academic credit for three research papers, under the supervision of full-time faculty members, during the academic year. Research papers will normally carry a value of three academic credits each, but the Assistant Dean may in the appropriate case grant permission for a student to pursue a research paper that carries a credit value of two or four credit hours. Students who are interested in undertaking a research project must consult with faculty to obtain an appropriate supervisor. Not all faculty are able to undertake student supervision in any given year.

A new form of supervised research was introduced in 2001-02, namely Collaborative Research Teams (CRTs) in the international, transnational and comparative law field. CRTs take place under the rubric of a course called International Research and Placements.
For an evolving list of CRT opportunities, go to http://www.osgoode.yorku.ca/ict-program and then click on "Collaborative Research Teams" on the left sidebar.

Mooting
Each year competitive mooting brings together students from law schools across Canada and around the world to hone their advocacy skills before simulated domestic and international courts. Osgoode Hall Law School enters a number of appellate advocacy and arbitration moots for upper year students, as well as a variety of other competitions including those based on trial advocacy, client counseling, and negotiation. The subject matter of the moots range from administrative law to Aboriginal law, constitutional law to corporate-securities law and a growing number are based on international law. Participation in the mooting program gives students the opportunity to research and study an area of law in depth, in a small group with the assistance of a faculty advisor. They gain a "hands on" experience with the full panoply of written and oral advocacy skills.

Selection moots are held in the second week of September based on a case posted on the mooting Website. Interested students submit an application form indicating their background and preference in competitions and each makes a 10-minute argument for either appellant or respondent. No written argument is submitted. Following the conclusion of the selection moots, some 30 students are selected to fill the positions on the various teams. Up to five credits are awarded in the winter term for the program - three graded credits for the legal research and written work, including a memorandum of law and a factum or memorial, and two ungraded credits for participation in the competition. Once the facta or memorials have been submitted to the competition organizers, usually in January, the teams have practice sessions culminating in the actual competition where they argue their case.

More information is available on the mooting Web site.

Osgoode Hall Law Journal
Senior student editors are awarded up to four credit hours each academic year for their work on the Osgoode Hall Law Journal. One year's work as a junior editor is a prerequisite for appointment to a senior editorial position. The senior editors for the next academic year are selected towards the end of the winter semester by a committee of the Journal's Editorial Board.

Instruction in Computer-assisted Legal Research (Non-Credit)
The Reference Librarians and research assistants offer instruction in computer-assisted legal research at regularly scheduled times (or by appointment) in the On-line Searching Centre. Computer-assisted legal research is a powerful research tool which provides quick, efficient access to law reports, unreported judgments, statutes, and legal periodical indices in Canadian, American, British and Commonwealth databases.