Russia is the world’s largest state with a unique identity and a wide range of regional and global interests. Russia’s relations with the outside world have unfolded primarily in the regions around it: East-Central Europe, the Balkans, the Middle East (including Transcaucasia), Central Asia, and the Far East. This breadth of regional interests made Russia a major world power by the 19th century. In the 20th century, communist ideology and nuclear weapons added major new dimensions to Russia’s global role, making it one of the two superpowers. After the fall of Soviet communism, Russia’s world role is being redefined under the impact of multiple factors, domestic and international.

This course consists of two parts. Part One deals with the historical context: a brief review of the history of the Russian Empire, followed by a study of the roles the Soviet Union played in world affairs in 1917-1991. It focuses on the formation of the Soviet Union as a result of the Russian revolution of 1917, the evolution of Soviet foreign policy under successive leaderships from Lenin to Gorbachev, as the USSR turned from a revolutionary state into a status-quo power locked in a protracted global conflict with the West, and on the radical changes in Soviet foreign policy enacted under Mikhail Gorbachev. Part Two is devoted to the emerging foreign policies of Russia and other new independent states formed in the wake of the USSR's collapse. It deals with Russia, the main successor state of the USSR which retains a superpower nuclear arsenal; with the domestic sources of post-Soviet foreign policies; with issues in relations between Russia and the other post-Soviet states - Ukraine, the Baltic states, the Transcaucasian and Central Asian republics and other members of the CIS; and with Russia’s evolving relationships with the United States, Europe, and Asia.

Course requirements

Fall Term:
1 class report or short essay (6-8 pages double-spaced) - 10%
Major essay (15-17 pages double-spaced) - 30%
Participation - 10%

Winter Term:
1 class report or short essay (6-8 pages double-spaced) - 10%
Major essay (15-17 pages double-spaced) - 30%
Participation - 10%

Classes are organized as three-hour seminars, consisting of a lecture, a class report, and a discussion. Students are expected to participate actively in the discussions. Themes of class reports and short essays will be selected from the topics listed in this syllabus. Each student is also expected to choose topics for the two major essays. Lists of suggested topics will be handed out in class. The deadline for submitting Fall Term written assignments is Dec.6. The deadline for submitting Winter Term written assignments is Mar. 30.

Please see the list of required readings below. The syllabus also includes a list of relevant websites. The select bibliography on Soviet and post-Soviet international relations, placed at the end of the syllabus, is designed to help the students find the additional readings for written and oral assignments.

NOTE: A collection of books and periodicals on Russia and Eastern Europe (in Russian, English and other languages) is available for in-library reading at York Centre for International and Security Studies. The catalog for the PCSP Collection, searchable by author, title, and subject, is available at http://yorklanes371-2.arts.yorku.ca/pcsp_search.php.

COURSE SCHEDULE

Sept.7:
INTRODUCTION

PART ONE. THE HISTORICAL CONTEXT

Sept.14:
RUSSIA IN EURASIA. The challenges of security and development in the Eurasian Heartland. Russia’s special place between East and West. Russia’s three frontiers. The expansion and containment of the Russian Empire, 1700-1917.
Required readings:
Gerhard Rempel. The Geography of Russia.
http://mars.acnet.wnec.edu/~grempel/courses/russia/lectures/02geography.html
Birgerson: After the Breakup of a Multiethnic Empire, Chs. 2 and 3
Recommended reading:
Trenin and Mathews: The End of Eurasia. http://www.carnegie.ru/en/pubs/books/36275.htm, Introduction and Chapter 1: the Spatial Dimension of Russian History
Additional readings:
LeDonne: The Russian Empire and the World, Introduction (2)
Russia Engages the World: 1453-1825. A multimedia exhibit at the New York Public Library.
http://russia.nypl.org/

Sept.21 and 28:
THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION AND ITS INTERNATIONAL CONSEQUENCES. The impact of World War I on the Russian state and society. An anti-imperialist revolution. The Soviet Union as a new type of international actor. The Soviet dilemma: promoting world revolution or “building socialism in one country”?
Topics for class reports:
The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
The formation of Comintern and its role in early Soviet foreign policy.

Required readings:
Nation: Black Earth, Red Star, Chapters 1-3
Lenin: Socialism and War. Available online at:
http://www.marx2mao.org/Lenin/SW15.html#ci
Additional readings:
Jacobson, When the Soviet Union Entered World Politics, Chapters 1-3 (3)?
Page, S.W. The Geopolitics of Leninism (3)

Oct.5:
THE RISE OF FASCISM AND STALINISM. Totalitarianism West and East: convergence of the opposites. The Soviet role in the international antifascist campaigns of the 1930s. Stalin's geopolitical gamble before World War II.
Topic for class report:
The Stalin-Hitler pact of 1939.
Required readings:
Nation: Black Earth, Red Star, Chapter 3
Lafeber: America, Russia, and the Cold War, Introduction
Additional readings:
Furet: The Passing of An Illusion, Chapters 6-8 (4)
Ulam: Expansion and Coexistence, Part V. (7)

Oct.12:
THE SOVIET UNION IN WORLD WAR II. Germany’s attack on the USSR: a turning point in World War II. The Soviet Union in the Grand Alliance. The impact of World War II on the Soviet state and its world role.
Topic for class report:
The Yalta and Potsdam conferences.
Required readings:
Nation: Black Earth, Red Star, Chapter 4
Lafeber: America, Russia, and the Cold War, Chapter 1
Text of the Yalta agreements, February 1945: http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/Dip/yalta-cnf.html
Additional readings:
Murphy, David. What Stalin Knew: The Enigma of Barbarossa (3)
Furet: The Passing of An Illusion, Chapter 9 (4)

Oct. 29 and 26:
THE FORMATION OF THE COLD WAR SYSTEM. Stalin's goals in the Cold War. Evolution of the American policy of containment. The Cold War in Europe and Asia, 1946-1953.
Topics for class reports:
The USSR and the Communist Threat after 1945.
The German Question as a factor in the unfolding of the Cold War.
Required readings:
Lafeber: America, Russia, and the Cold War, Chapters 2-6
Nation: Black Earth, Red Star, Chapter 5
Additional readings:
Furet: The Passing of An Illusion, Chapters 10 and 11 (4)
Zubok and Pleshakov: Inside the Kremlin’s Cold War, Chapters 1-5. (4)
Mastny: The Cold War and Soviet Insecurity, Chapter 1, Conclusion. (4)

Nov.2:
THE ARMS RACE AND PEACEFUL COEXISTENCE. Changes in Soviet foreign policy after Stalin's death. Contradictions in Khrushchev's foreign policy. The space race. Soviet activism in the Third World. The Cuban Missile Crisis and the start of nuclear arms control.
Topic for class report:
The logic of the Cold War arms race.
Required readings:
Lafeber: America, Russia, and the Cold War, Chapters 7-9
Nation: Black Earth, Red Star: Chapter 6
Additional readings:
Furet: The Passing of An Illusion, Chapter 12 (4)
Zubok and Pleshakov: Inside the Kremlin’s Cold War, Chapters 6-8. (4)
Catudal: The Soviet Nuclear Strategy. (7)

Nov.9 and 16:
THE RISE AND FALL OF DETENTE. The war in Vietnam and the decline of American hegemony. Consolidation of US-Soviet strategic parity. Conservative retrenchment in Moscow and Washington. The China factor. The theory and practice of detente: military, political and economic dimensions. The unraveling of detente. The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan.
Topics for class reports:
The issue of human rights and its impact on détente.
The China factor in the Cold War.
Required readings:
Lafeber: America, Russia, and the Cold War, Chapters 10-11
Nation: Black Earth, Red Star, Part VII
Additional readings:
Hoffmann and Fleron: The Conduct of Soviet Foreign Policy, Part V. (4)
Catudal: The Soviet Nuclear Strategy. (7)

Nov.23 and 30:
GORBACHEV AND THE END OF THE COLD WAR. The Reagan challenge. The causes of Gorbachev's reforms in Soviet foreign policy. New Political Thinking. Gorbachev's campaign for disarmament. The Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan. "The Sinatra Doctrine" in Eastern Europe.
Topic for class report:
The role of US foreign policy in the termination of the Cold War.
Required readings:
Lafeber: America, Russia, and the Cold War, Chapters 12-13
Nation:
Additional readings:
Blacker: Hostage to Revolution. (7)
Gaddis: The United States and the End of the Cold War. (4)

PART TWO. RUSSIA AND POST-SOVIET STATES
AFTER THE FALL OF COMMUNISM

Jan. 5, 12 and 19:
RUSSIA IN THE POST-COLD-WAR WORLD. The international consequences of the fall of the USSR. Russia's foreign policy as a function of the country's transformation. Problems of security and development in a new context. Interest groups and institutions involved in the making of foreign policy. Cultural, ideological and psychological factors shaping Russian perceptions of the world.
Topics for class reports:
Evolution of Russian foreign policy thinking in the 1990s.
Foreign policy assets of post-communist Russia.
Required readings:
Birgerson: After the Breakup of a Multi-Ethnic Empire, Chapters 1 and 4
Lo: Vladimir Putin and the Evolution of Russian Foreign Policy
Recommended readinsg:
Trenin and Mathews: The End of Eurasia, Chapters 2,6,7
Bugajski: Cold Peace, Introduction, Chapters 1 and 2
Additional readings:
Simes, Dimitri K. After the Collapse (7)
Ivanov, The New Russian Diplomacy (7)
Malcolm, Pravda, Allison and Light: Internal Factors in Russian Foreign Policy, Chapters 4 and 5. (6)
Zimmerman: The Russian People and Foreign Policy (6)

Jan.26, Feb.2 and 9:
RUSSIA, THE WEST, AND EASTERN EUROPE. The Russian Federation's relations with the United States and Western Europe. Dismantling the Cold War legacy. Problems of arms control and disarmament, 1991-2001. Western economic strategies vis-a-vis the former Soviet Union. Post-Cold-War security challenges. Factors and forces shaping Eastern Europe’s integration with Western Europe. NATO and EU enlargement and Russia’s responses. The wars in the Balkans. Russia’s strategic role in the aftermath of September 11.
Topics for class reports:
NATO’s policies towards post-communist states.
The Kosovo war.
The impact of the Terror War on Russia’s relations with the US.
Required readings:
Lo: Vladimir Putin and the Evolution of Russian Foreign Policy
Motyl, Ruble, and Shevtsova: Russia's Engagement With the West
Birgerson: After the Breakup of a Multi-Ethnic Empire, Chapter 5
Recommended readings:
Bugajski: Cold Peace, Chapters 3-9
Kuchins, Nikonov and Trenin: U.S.-Russian Relations: The Case for an Upgrade.
http://www.carnegie.ru/en/pubs/books/72091.htm
Additional readings:
Cohen: Failed Crusade. (11)
Spillmann and Wenger: Russia’s Place in Europe. (12)
Brzezinski: The Grand Chessboard. (2)

Feb.23, Mar. 2 and 9:
RUSSIA’S SOUTHERN FRONTIER: THE CAUCASUS AND CENTRAL ASIA. The legacy of Russian imperialism, the impact of Soviet nation-building, and the challenges of independence. Bureaucrats, ethnocrats and plutocrats. NATO and Islam as Russia’s challengers. The new geopolitics and geoeconomics of the Caspian Sea.
Topics for class reports:
Ethnopolitical conflicts in the Caucasus after the Cold War.
The struggle over Caspian oil.
Russia and radical Islam.
Required reading:
Rashid: Jihad: The Rise of Militant Islam in Central Asia
Recommended reading:
Trenin and Mathews: The End of Eurasia, Chapter 4
Additional readings:
Anderson: The International Politics of Central Asia. (14)
Cleveman: The New Great Game. (14)
Croissant and Aras: Oil and Geopolitics in the Caspian Sea Region. (14)
Meyer and Brysac: Tournament of Shadows. (14)

Mar. 16, 23 and 30:
RUSSIA IN THE EAST ASIAN CONTEXT. A century of Russia’s attempts to project power on the Pacific: defeats and successes. The new Russian vacuum in the Far East. The evolution of relations between Russia, China, Japan and the United States. The new Russo-Chinese rapprochement in the context of history. Inequality reversed: China’s rise, Russia’s decline. The potential of new anti-Americanism. Russia and China as competitors.
Topics for class reports:
The Kurile Islands dispute between Russia and Japan.
Russia-China military cooperation.
The two Koreas after the Cold War.
Required reading:
Wilson: Strategic Partners: Russian-Chinese Relations in the Post-Soviet Era
Recommended reading:
Trenin and Mathews: The End of Eurasia, Chapter 5
Additional readings:
Mandelbaum: The Strategic Quadrangle. (15)
Berger and Borer: The Rise of East Asia (15)
Garnett: Rapprochement or Rivalry? (15)
Malik: The Roles of United States, Russia, and China in the New World Order. (15)
Kim: China and the World. (15)

REQUIRED READINGS

The Fall Term

Birgerson, Susanne Michelle, After the Breakup of a Multi-Ethnic Empire : Russia, Successor States, and Eurasian Security, Praeger, 2001

Lafeber, Walter. America, Russia, and the Cold War, 1945-2002.
McGraw-Hill, 9th edition, 2002 (earlier editions also acceptable)

Nation, R. Craig. Black Earth, Red Star: A History of Soviet Security Policy, 1917-1991. Cornell University Press, 1993

The Winter Term

Birgerson, Susanne Michelle, After the Breakup of a Multi-Ethnic Empire : Russia, Successor States, and Eurasian Security, Praeger, 2001

Lo, Bobo, Vladimir Putin and the Evolution of Russian Foreign Policy (Chatham House Papers), Blackwell, 2003

Motyl, Alexander, Blair A.Ruble, Lilia Shevtsova (eds.), Russia's Engagement With the West: Transformation And Integration in the Twenty-first Century, M.E.Sharpe, 2005

Rashid, Ahmed, Jihad: The Rise of Militant Islam in Central Asia, Penguin Books, 2003

Wilson, Jeanne Lorraine, Strategic Partners: Russian-Chinese Relations in the Post-Soviet Era, M.E.Sharpe, 2004

RECOMMENDED READINGS

Bugajski, Janusz, Cold Peace : Russia's New Imperialism. Praeger, 2004
(Available at York Bookstore)

Kuchins, Andrew, Vyacheslav Nikonov, Dmitri Trenin, U.S.-Russian Relations: The Case for an Upgrade. Moscow Carnegie Center, 2005
http://www.carnegie.ru/en/pubs/books/72091.htm

Trenin, Dmitri and Jessica Mathews. The End of Eurasia: Russia on the Border Between Geopolitics and Globalization. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2002. (e-book) http://www.carnegie.ru/en/pubs/books/36275.htm

USEFUL WEBSITES

1. Omnibus sites on Russia, containing numerous links:
www.websher.net
http://www.slavweb.com/eng/index.html
2. Research centers:
http://www.carnegie.ru/en/ - Carnegie Moscow Center
www.stratfor.com - Strategic Forecasting, Austin, Texas
www.ransac.org - Russian-American Nuclear Security Advisory Council
www.tol.cz - Transitions Online, Prague
http://www.csis.org/ruseura/ponars/ - Program on New Approaches to Russian Security, Center for Strategic and International Studies, Washington, DC
www.cdi.org - Center for Defense Information, Washington, DC
www.janes.com - Jane’s Information Group
3. International organizations:
www.imf.org - International Monetary Fund
www.worldbank.org - The World Bank
www.soros.org - The Soros Foundation
4. Current affairs:
www.themoscowtimes.com
www.eurasianet.org - information and analysis on Eurasia, based in New York
www.ft.com - Financial Times
www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/inatl/exussr.htm - The Washington Post
www.rferl.org - Radio Free Europe – Radio Liberty
www.russiatoday.com - Russia Today

Journals:

Foreign Affairs
Foreign Policy
International Security
Journal of Cold War Studies
Orbis
The National Interest
Policy Review
The Globalist

SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. GENERAL

Altered States. A Reader in the New World Order. Ed.by Phyllis Bennis and Michael Moushabeck. NY: Olive Branch Press, 1993

Barber, Benjamin. Jihad vs. McWorld: How Globalism and Tribalism Are Reshaping the World. New York, Ballantine Books, 1996

Cassels, Alan. Ideology and International Relations in the Modern World. Routledge, 1996

Hardt, Michael and Antonio Negri. Empire. Harvard University Press, 2001

Hardt, Michael and Antonio Negri. Multitude. War and Democracy in the Age of Empire. Penguin Putnam, 2004

Held, David, Anthony McGrew, David Goldblatt and Jonathan Perraton. Global Transformations. Stanford University Press, 1999

Hopf, Ted. Social Construction of International Politics: Identities & Foreign Policies, Moscow, 1955 and 1999. Cornell University Press, 2002

Frieden, Jeffrey and David Lake. International Political Economy: Perspectives on Global Power and Wealth. St.Martin's Press, 1995

Goldstein, Joshua S. International Relations. Second Edition. HarperCollins, 1996

Huntington, Samuel. The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order. Touchstone Books, 1996

Kegley, Charles W. and Eugene Wittkopf. World Politics: Trend and Transformation. Bedford-St.Martin, 2001

Kennedy, Paul. The Rise and Fall of Great Powers. Economic Change and Military Conflict from 1500 to 2000. Random House, 1987

Opello, Walter and Stephen Rosow. The Nation-State and Global Order. A Historical Introduction to Contemporary Politics. Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1999

2. GEOPOLITICS AND BALANCE OF POWER

Agnew, John A. Geopolitics: Re-Visioning World Politics (Frontiers of Human Geography). Routledge, 1998

Brzezinski, Zbigniew. The Grand Chessboard. American Primacy and Its Geostrategic Imperatives. Basic Books, 1997

Dibb, Paul. Toward a New Balance of Power in Asia: What Are the Risks As the Asian Balance of Power Undergoes a Fundamental Change? Adelphi Paper No.295. Oxford University Press, 1995

Dijkink, Gertjan. National Identity and Geopolitical Visions: Maps of Pride and Pain. Routledge, 1996

Dodds, Klaus and David Atkinson. Geopolitical Traditions: Critical Histories of a Century of Political Thought. Routledge, 2000

Gray, Colin and Geoffrey Sloan (ed.). Geopolitics, Geography, and Strategy. Frank Cass, 1999

Hefferman, Michael. The Meaning of Europe: Geography and Geopolitics. Edward Arnold, 1998

Kegley, Charles W. and Raymond, Gregory. A Multipolar Peace? Great-Power Politics in the Twenty-First Century. St.Martin's Press, 1994

Kissinger, Henry. Diplomacy. Simon and Schuster, 1994

LeDonne, John P. The Russian Empire and the World, 1700-1917. The Geopolitics of Expansion and Containment. Oxford University Press, 1997

Nester, William. International Relations: Geopolitical and Geoeconomic Conflict and Cooperation. Addison-Wesley Co., 1995

Newman, David (ed.). Boundaries, Territory and Postmodernity. Frank Cass, 1999

Tuathail, Gearoid. Critical Geopolitics. Routledge, 1996

Tuathail, Gearoid, Simon Dalby and Paul Routledge (ed.). The Geopolitics Reader. Routledge, 1998

Turnock, David (ed.). East Central Europe and the Former Soviet Union. Environment and Society. Arnold, 2001

Wallerstein, Immanuel. Geopolitics and Geoculture: Essays on the Changing World-System (Studies in Modern Capitalism). Cambridge University Press, 1991

Wayman, Frank and Paul Diehl (ed.). Reconstructing Realpolitik. University of Michigan Press, 1994

3. TSARIST AND EARLY SOVIET FOREIGN POLICY

Hilger, Gustav and Alfred Meyer. The Incompatible Allies: Of German-Soviet Relations 1918-1941.New York: Hafner Publishing Co., 1971

Jacobson, Jon. When the Soviet Union Entered World Politics. University of California Press, 1994

James, C.L.R. World Revolution 1917-1936: The Rise and Fall of Communist International. Hyperion Press, 1973

Kennedy-Pipe, Caroline. Russia and the World 1917-1991. Arnold, 1998

MacKenzie, David. Imperial Dreams – Harsh Realities: Tsarist Russian Foreign Policy, 1815-1917. Harcourt Brace College Publishers, 1994

McDermott, Kevin and Jeremy Agnew. The Comintern: A History of International Communism from Lenin to Stalin. St.Martin’s Press, 1997

Murphy, David. What Stalin Knew: The Enigma of Barbarossa. Yale University Press, 2005

Page, S.W. The Geopolitics of Leninism. East European Monographs, 1982

Pauley, Bruce J. Hitler, Stalin, and Mussolini: Totalitarianism in the Twentieth Century. Wheeling: Harlan-Davidson Inc.

Pleshakov, Constantine. Stalin's Folly : The Tragic First Ten Days of World War Two on the Eastern Front. Houghton Mifflin, 2005

Raack, R.C. Stalin’s Plans for World War II. Journal of Contemporary History, 26(2), 1991, pp.215-227

Raack, R.C. Did Stalin Plan a Drang Nach Westen? World Affairs, 155(1), 1992, pp.13-23

Roberts, Geoffrey. The Soviet Union and the Origins of the Second World War: Russo-German Relations and the Road to War, 1933-1941. St.Martin’s Press, 1995

Vizulis, Izidors. The Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact of 1939: The Baltic Case. Prager, 1990

Weeks, Albert. Stalin’s Other War: Soviet Grand Strategy, 1939-1941. Rowman and Littlefield, 2002

4. THE COLD WAR

Adelman, Jonathan (ed.). Superpowers and Revolution. Praeger, 1986

Allin, Dana. Cold War Illusions. America, Russia and Soviet Power 1969-1989. Macmillan, 1995

Ball, S.J. The Cold War: An International History, 1947-1991. St.Martin’s Press, 1998

Barnet, Richard. The Giants: Russia and America. Simon and Schuster, 1977

Beschloss, Michael and Talbott, Strobe. At the Highest Levels. The Inside Story of the End of the Cold War. Little, Brown, 1993

Bowker, Mike. Russian Foreign Policy and the End of the Cold War. Dartmouth Publishing Co., 1997

Burrows, William and Windrem, Robert. Critical Mass. The Dangerous Race for Superweapons in a Fragmenting World. Simon and Schuster, 1994

Crockatt, Richard. The Fifty Years War: The United States and the Soviet Union in World Politics, 1941-1991. London: Routledge, 1995

Dobrynin, Anatoly: In Confidence. Moscow’s Ambassador to America’s Six Cold War Presidents. Times Books, 1995

The End of the Cold War: Its Meaning and Implications. Cambridge University Press, 1992

Feste, Karen. Expanding the Frontiers: Superpower Intervention in the Cold War. Praeger, 1992

Foreign Policy USA/USSR. Ed. by Charles W.Kegley Jr. and Patrick McGowan. Sage Publications, 1982

Furet, Francois. The Passing of An Illusion. The Idea of Communism in the Twentieth Century. University of Chicago Press, 1999

Fursenko, Aleksandr and Timothy Naftali. “One Hell of a Gamble”. Khrushchev, Castro, and Kennedy, 1958-1964. Norton, 1997

Gaddis, John L. The Long Peace: Inquiry into the History of the Cold War. Oxford University Press, 1987

Gaddis, John L. The United States and the End of the Cold War: Implications, Reconsiderations, Provocations. Oxford University Press, 1992

Goodman, Melvin. The End of Superpower Conflict in the Third World. Westview Press, 1992

Halliday, Fred. Soviet Foreign Policy Making and the Afghanistan War: From “Second Mongolia” to “Bleeding Wound”. Review of International Studies, Vol.25, No.4, 1999

Hartman, Andrew. The Red Template: US Policy in Soviet-Occupied Afghanistan. Third World Quarterly, Vol.23, No.3, 2002

Hauner, Milan. The Soviet War in Afghanistan: Patterns of Russian Imperialism. Philadelphia: Foreign Policy Research Institute, 1991

Gaiduk, Ilya V. The Soviet Union and the Vietnam War. Ivan Dee Publishers, 1996

Garthoff, Raymond. Reflections on the Cuban Missile Crisis. Brookings, 1989

Gorlizki, Yoram, and Oleg Khlevniuk, Cold Peace: Stalin and the Soviet Ruling Circle, 1945-1953. Oxford University Press, 2004

Jensen, Kenneth M. Origins of the Cold War: The Novikov, Kennan and Roberts “Long Telegrams” of 1946. US Institute of Peace, 1991

Kanet, Roger and Edward Kolodzej. The Cold War As Cooperation. Johns Hopkins U. Press, 1991

Kegley, Charles and Pat McGowan (eds.). Foreign Policy USA/USSR. Sage Publications, 1982

Kennan, George. Russia and the West under Lenin and Stalin. Mentor Books, 1962

Kennedy-Pipe, Caroline. Russia and the World 1917-1991. Arnold, 1998

Koch, Stephen. Double Lives: Spies and Writers in the Secret Soviet War of Ideas Against the West. FreePress, 1993

Larres, Klaus and Ann Lane (ed.). The Cold War: The Essential Readings. Blackwell, 2001

Lechuga, Carlos. Cuba and the Missile Crisis, transl. from Spanish. NY: Ocean Press, 2001

Ledeen, Michael. Grave New World. The Superpower Crisis of the 1980s. Oxford University Press, 1985

Leffler. Melvyn P. and David S. Painter. Origins of the Cold War. An International History. Routledge, 1994

Loth, Wilfried. Overcoming the Cold War: A History of Détente, 1950-1991. Palgrave, 2002

MacKenzie, David. From Messianism to Collapse: Soviet Foreign Policy 1917-1991. Harcourt Brace College Publishers, 1994

Maley, William. The Afghanistan Wars. Palgrave, 2002

Marantz, Paul. From Lenin to Gorbachev: Changing Soviet Perspectives on East-West Relations. Ottawa: CIIPS, 1988

Mastny, Vojtech. The Cold War and Soviet Insecurity. The Stalin Years. Oxford University Press, 1996

Matlock, Jack F. Reagan and Gorbachev: How the Cold War Ended. Random House, 2004

McCauley, Martin. The Origins of the Cold War 1941-1949. Pearson Education, 2003

Nogee, Joseph L. and Robert H. Donaldson. Soviet Foreign Policy Since World War II. Pergamon Press, 1984

Nuclear Diplomacy and Crisis Management. An International Security Reader. Ed.by Sean Lynn-Jones et al. MIT Press, 1990

Olson, James S. and Randy Roberts. Where the Domino Fell: America and Vietnam, 1945-1995. St. Martin’s Press, 1996

Powaski, Ronald. The Cold War: The United States and the Soviet Union 1917-1991. Oxford U. Press, 1998

Raack, R.C. Stalin’s Drive to the West 1938-1945: The Origins of the Cold War. Stanford U. Press, 1995

Sarin, Oleg and Lev Dvoretsky. The Afghan Syndrome: The Soviet Union’s Vietnam. Presidio Press, 1993

Schurmann, Franz. The Logic of World Power. An Inquiry into the Orogins, Currents, and Contradictions of World Politics. Pantheon, 1974

Schweitzer, Peter (ed.). The Fall of the Berlin Wall: Reassessing the Causes and Consequences of the End of the Cold War. Hoover Institution Press, 2000

Sheng, Michael. Battling Western Imperialism: Mao, Stalin, and the United States. Princeton U. Press, 1997

Taubman, William. Khrushchev: The Man and His Era. Norton, 2003

Taubman, William. Stalin’s American Policy. Norton, 1982

The Soviet Impact on World Politics. Ed.by Kurt London. NY:Hawthorn Books, 1974

Thompson, Willie. The Communist Movement Since 1945. Blackwell, 1998

Walker, Martin. The Cold War and the Making of the Modern World. L.: Fourth Estate, 1993

Whitcomb, Roger S. The Cold War in Retrospect: The Formative Years. Praeger, 1998

White, Mark. Missiles in Cuba: Kennedy, Khrushchev, Castro and the 1962 Crisis. Chicago: The American Ways Series, 1997

Willbanks, James L. Abandoning Vietnam: How America Left and South Vietnam Lost Its War. Kansas U. Press, 2004

Wohlforth, William C. The Elusive Balance: Power and Perceptions During the Cold War. Cornell University Press, 1993

Wolfe, Alan. The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Threat: Domestic Sources of the Cold War Consensus. Wash.: Institute for Policy Studies, 1984

Zubok, Vladislav and Constantine Pleshakov: Inside the Kremlin’s Cold War. From Stalin to Khrushchev. Harvard University Press, 1996

5. POST-COMMUNISM

Barner-Barry, Carol and Hody, Cynthia A. The Politics of Change: The Transformation of the Former Soviet Union. St. Martin’s Press, 1995

Dawisha, Karen and Bruce Parrott. Russia and the New States of Eurasia: The Politics of Upheaval. Cambridge University Press, 1994

Glad, Betty and Eric Shiraev(ed.). The Russian Transformation: Political, Sociological, and Psychological Aspects. St. Martin’s Press, 1999

Ivanov, Igor. The New Russian Diplomacy. The Brookings Institution, 2002

Khazanov, Anatoly. After the USSR: Ethnicity, Nationalism, and Politics in the Commonwealth of Independent States

Lane, David. The Rise and Fall of State Socialism. Industrial Society and the Socialist State. Polity Press, 1996

Offe, Claus. Varieties of Transition: The East European and East German Experience. Cambridge: the MIT Press, 1997

Ramet, Sabrina (ed.). The Radical Right in Central and Eastern Europe Since 1989. The Pennsylvania State University Press, 1999

Rubin, Barnett and Jack Snyder (ed.). Post-Soviet Political Order: Conflict and State-Building. Routledge, 1998

Skak, Mette. From Empire to Anarchy. Postcommunist Foreign Policy and International Relations. St. Martin’s Press, 1996

Skidelsky, Robert. The Road from Serfdom: The Economic and Political Consequences of the End of Communism. New York, Penguin Press, 1996

Smith, Graham. The Post-Soviet States: Mapping the Politics of Transition. L.: Arnold, 1999

Staniszkis, Jadwiga. Post-Communism: The Emerging Enigma. Warsaw: Institute of Political Studies, 1999

Yergin, Daniel and Gustafson, Thane. Russia 2010, and What It Means for the World. Vintage Books, 1995

6. DOMESTIC SOURCES OF RUSSIAN FOREIGN POLICY

Albats, Evgenia. The State Within a State: The KGB and Its Hold on Russia - Past, Present, and Future. Farrar, Strauss, Giroux, 1994

Allensworth, Wayne. The Russian Question: Nationalism, Modernization, and Post-Communist Russia. Rowman and Littlefield, 1998

Andrew, Christopher and Gordievsky, Oleg. KGB: The Inside Story. Harper Perennial, 1990

Frazer, Graham and Lancelle, George. Absolute Zhirinovsky. A Transparent View of a Distinguished Russian Statesman. Penguin Books, 1994

Hosking, Geoffrey and Robert Service (ed.). Russian Nationalism Past and Present. Palgrave, 1998

Klebnikov, Paul and Drenka Willen. Godfather of the Kremlin: Boris Berezovsky and the Looting of Russia. Harcourt Brace, 2000

Light, Margot. The Soviet Theory of International Relations. Brighton, 1988

Malcolm, Neil, Alex Pravda, Roy Allison and Margot Light. Internal Factors in Russian Foreign Policy. Oxford University Press, 1996

Shiraev, Eric and Vladislav Zubok. Anti-Americanism in Russia: From Stalin to Putin. Palgrave, 2000

The Soviet State: The Domestic Roots of Soviet Foreign Policy. Westview Press, 1985

Tuminez, Astrid. Russian Nationalism Since 1856: Ideology and the Making of Foreign Policy. Rowman and Littlefield, 2000

Wallander, Celeste (ed.). The Sources of Russian Foreign Policy After the Cold War. Boulder: Westview Press, 1996
Zimmerman, William. The Russian People and Foreign Policy: Russian Elite and Mass Perspectives, 1993-2000. Princeton University Press, 2002

7. RUSSIAN FOREIGN POLICY

Blacker, Coit D. Hostage to Revolution: Gorbachev and Soviet Security Policy. New York: Council on Foreign Relations, 1993

Catudal, Honore M. Soviet Nuclear Strategy from Stalin to Gorbachev: A Revolution in Soviet Military and Political Thinking. Humanities Press International, 1989

Checkel, Jeffrey. Ideas and International Political Change: Soviet/Russian Behavior and the End of the Cold War. Yale University Press, 1997

Donaldson, Robert H., and Joseph Nogee. The Foreign Policy of Russia: Changing Systems, Enduring Interests. M.E.Sharpe, 1998

Galeotti, Mark. The Age of Anxiety. Security and Politics in Soviet and Post-Soviet Russia. Longman, 1995

Hoffman, Erik and Frederick Fleron. The Conduct of Soviet Foreign Policy. 2nd edition. Aldine de Gruyter, 1980

Hopf, Ted (ed.). Understandings of Russian Foreign Policy. Pennsylvania State University Press, 1999

Kissinger, Henry and Vladimir Lukin (ed.). Rethinking Russia’s National Interests. Washington: Center for Strategic and International Studies, 1994

Mandelbaum, Michael (ed.). The New Russian Foreign Policy. New York: Council on Foreign Relations, 1998

Nation, R.Craig. Black Earth, Red Star. A History of Soviet Security Policy, 1917-1991. Cornell University Press, 1992

Petro, Nicolai and Rubinstein, Alvin. Russian Foreign Policy: From Empire to Nation-State. London: Longman, 1997

Quester, George (ed.), International Politics of Eurasia, Vol.6: The Nuclear Challenge in Russia and the New States of Eurasia. Sharpe, 1995

Pursiainen, Christer. Russian Foreign Policy and International Relations Theory. Ashgate, 2000

Ra'anan, Uri and Martin, Kate (ed.). Russia - A Return to Imperialism? St.Martin's Press, 1996

Shearman, Peter (ed.). Russian Foreign Policy Since 1990. Westview, 1995

Simes, Dimitri K. After the Collapse: Russia Seeks Its Place As a Great Power. Simon and Schuster, 1999

Trofimenko, Henry. Russian National Interests and the Current Crisis in Russia. Ashgate, 1999

Ulam, Adam. Expansion and Coexistence. Soviet Foreign Policy 1917-1973. 2nd ed. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1974

Urban, Joan B.(ed.). Moscow and the Global Left in the Gorbachev Era. Cornell University Press, 1992

Webber, Mark. The International Politics of Russia and the Successor States. Manchester University Press, 1996

8. SECURITY, CONFLICT AND INTERVENTION IN EURASIA

Allison, Roy and Christoph Bluth. Security Dilemmas in Russia and Eurasia. L.: Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1998

Arbatov, Alexei, Chayes, Abram, Chayes, Antonia Handler, and Lara Olson (ed.). Managing Conflict in the Former Soviet Union. The MIT Press, 1997

Austin, Greg and Alexei Muraviev. The Armed Forces of Russia in Asia. I.B.Tauris and Co., 2000

Bennett, Andrew. Condemned to Repetition? The Rise, Fall, and Reprise of Soviet-Russian Military Interventionism, 1973-1996. The MIT Press, 1999

Berdahl, Daphne, Matti Bunzl and Martha Lampland (ed.). Altering States: Ethnographies of Transition in Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union. University of Michigan Press, 2000

Jonson, Lena and Archer, Clive. Peacekeeping and the Role of Russia in Eurasia. Westview Press, 1996

Kremenyuk, Victor. Conflicts In and Around Russia: Nation-Building in Difficult Times. Greenwood, 1994

Latter, Richard. Russia, Its Neighbours and the Future of European Security. London, HMSO, 1994

Mozaffari, Mehdi (ed.). Security Politics in the Commonwealth of Independent States. The Southern Belt. Macmillan, 1997

O'Ballance, Edgar. Wars in the Caucasus, 1990-95, Macmillan, 1996

Parrott, Bruce (ed.). State Building and Military Power in Russia and the New States of Eurasia. M.E.Sharpe, 1995

Raevsky, Andrei and Vorob'ev, I.N. Russian Approaches to Peacekeeping Operations. New York, United Nations, 1994

9. NUCLEAR SECURITY AND ARMS CONTROL

United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Foreign Relations. Loose nukes, nuclear smuggling, and the fissile-material problem in Russia and the NIS. Hearings..., August 22 and 23, 1995

Van Creveld, Martin. Nuclear Proliferation and the Future of Conflict. Free Press, 1993

10. TRADE AND INVESTMENTS

Artisien-Maksimenko, Patrick. Foreign Investment in Russia and the Other Soviet Successor States. Macmillan, 1996

Davydov, Oleg, Valeriy Greshkin and Roald Piskoppel. Liberalization of Russian Foreign Trade: Problems and Prospects. Fordham University Press, 2000

Estrin, Saul, Kirsty Hughes and Sarah Todd. Foreign Direct Investment in Central and Eastern Europe: Multinationals in Transition. Pinter Publishers, 1997

Khrutskii, V.E. Arms Trade and the Future of Russian Defense Industry. Nova Science Publishers, 1995

Smith, Alan. Russia and the World Economy: Problems of Integration. Routledge, 1993

11. RUSSIAN-AMERICAN RELATIONS

Cohen, Stephen. Failed Crusade: America and the Tragedy of Post-Communist Russia. W.W.Norton, 2000

Garthoff, Raymond. Detente and Confrontation: American-Soviet Relations from Nixon to Reagan. Brookings Institution Press, 1985

Ginsburg, John et al. (ed.). Russia and America: From Rivalry to Reconciliation. M.E.Sharpe, 1994

Goldgeier, James and Michael McFaul. Power and Purpose: U.S. Policy Toward Russian After the Cold War. Brookings Institution Press, 2003

Goodby, James (ed.). Regional Conflicts: the Challenge of US-Russian Cooperation. Oxford University Press, 1995

Goodman, Melvin (ed.). The End of Superpower Conflict in the Third World. Westview Press, 1991

Kennan, George. The Nuclear Delusion. Soviet-American Relations in the Atomic Age. Pantheon Books, 1983

Midlarsky, Manus et al.(eds.). From Rivalry to Cooperation. Russian and American Perspectives on the Post-Cold War Era. HarperCollins, 1994

Nelson, Keith. The Making of Detente. Soviet-American Relations in the Shadow of Vietnam. Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995

Newhouse, John. Cold Dawn: The Story of SALT. Holt, 1973

Talbott, Strobe. Deadly Gambits: The Reagan Administration and the Stalemate in Nuclear Arms Control. Vintage Books, 1985

Talbott, Strobe. Endgame: The Inside Story of SALT-2. Harper and Row, 1980

12. RUSSIA AND EUROPE

Baranovsky, Vladimir (ed.). Russia and Europe. The Emerging Security Agenda. Oxford University Press, 1997

Haglund, David. Will NATO Go East? The Debate Over Enlarging the Atlantic Alliance. Queen's University Press, 1997

Neumann, Iver. Russia and the Idea of Europe. A Study of Identity and International Relations. Routledge, 1996

Spillmann, Kurt and Andreas Wenger. Russia’s Place in Europe: A Security Debate. Peter Lang, 1999

Tunander, Ole, Pavel Baev and Victoria Einagel. Geopolitics in Post-Wall Europe: Security, Territory and Identity. Sage, 1997

Webber, Mark. Russia and Europe: Conflict or Cooperation? Palgrave, 2000

13. EASTERN EUROPE

Agh, Attila. The Politics of Central Europe. L.: Sage Publications, 1998

Balmaceda, Margarita. On the Edge: Ukrainian-Central European-Russian Security Triangle. CEU Press, 2001

Chafetz, Glenn. Gorbachev, Reform, and the Brezhnev Doctrine. Soviet Policy Toward Eastern Europe, 1985-1990. Praeger, 1993

Crnobrnja, Mihailo. The Yugoslav Drama. Montreal-Kingston: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1996

Derleth, J.William. The Transition in Central and Eastern Europe. Prentice Hall, 2000

Garnett, Sherman W. Keystone in the Arch: Ukraine in the Emerging Security Environment of Central and Eastern Europe. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 1997

Gianaris, Nicholas. Geopolitical and Economic Changes in the Balkan Countries. Praeger, 1996

Hall, Derek and Darrick Danta. Reconstructing the Balkans: A Geography of the New Southeast Europe. John Wiley, 1996

Hansen, Birthe, and Bertel Heurlin (ed.). The Baltic States in World Politics. Palgrave, 1998

Hyde-Price, Adrian. The International Politics of East Central Europe. Manchester University Press, 1996

Kraus, Michael and Ronald Liebowitz (ed.). Russia and Eastern Europe After Communism: The Search for New Political, Economic, and Security Systems. Westview Press, 1996

Levesque, Jacques. The Enigma of 1989: the USSR and the Liberation of Eastern Europe. University of California Press, 1997

Roskin, Michael. The Rebirth of Eastern Europe. 3d Edition. Prentice Hall, 1997

Valenta, Jiri. Soviet Intervention in Czechoslovakia, 1968: Anatomy of a Decision. Johns Hopkins University Press, 1991

Wandycz, Piotr. The Price of Freedom. A History of East Central Europe from the Middle Ages to the Present. Routledge, 1993

14. THE CAUCASUS AND CENTRAL ASIA

Anderson, John. The International Politics of Central Asia. Manchester University Press, 1997

Cleveman, Lutz. The New Great Game: Blood and Oil in Central Asia. Atlantic Monthly Press, 2003

Croissant, Michael and Bulent Aras. Oil and Geopolitics in the Caspian Sea Region. Praeger, 2000

Eickelman, Dale (ed.). Russia's Muslim Frontiers: New Directions in Cross-Cultural Analysis. Indiana University Press, 1993

Fuller, Graham and Ian Lesser. Turkey’s New Geopolitics: From the Balkans to Western China. Westview Press, 1993

Hauner, Milan. What Is Asia to Us? Russia's Asian Heartland Yesterday and Today. Routledge, 1992

Hunter, Shireen T. The Transcaucasus in Transition: Nation-Building and Conflict. Washington: The Center for Strategic and International Studies, 1994

Malik, Hafeez (ed.). Central Asia: Its Strategic Importance and Future Prospects. Palgrave, 1996

Mendelson, Sarah. Changing Course: Ideas, Politics, and the Soviet Withdrawal from Afghanistan. Princeton University Press, 1998

Meyer, Karl Ernest. The Dust of Empire: The Race for Mastery in the Asian Heartland. PublicAffairs, 2003

Mesbahi, Mohiaddin (ed.). Central Asia and the Caucasus After the Soviet Union: Domestic and International Dynamics. University Press of Florida, 1994

Meyer, Karl E. and Shareen B. Brysac. Tournament of Shadows: The Great Game and the Race for Empire in Central Asia. Wash.: Counterpoint, 1999

Rogers, Tom. Soviet Withdrawal from Afghanistan. Greenwood Publishing Group, 1992

Rubin, Barnett, Nancy Lubin and Keith Martin. Calming the Ferghana Valley: Development and Dialogue in the Heart of Central Asia. New York: The Twentieth Century Fund, 2000

Rubinstein, Alvin and Smolansky, Oles. Regional Power Rivalries in the New Eurasia: Russia, Turkey, and Iran. M.E.Sharpe, 1995

Trepavlov, V.V. and A.N.Sakharov. Russia and North Caucasus: 400 Years of War? Edwin Mellen Press, 1999

15. RUSSIA IN THE EAST ASIAN CONTEXT

Berger, Mark and Douglas Borer (ed.). The Rise of East Asia: Critical Visions of the Pacific Century. Routledge, 1997

Blank, Stephen, and Alvin Rubinstein. Imperial Decline: Russia’s Changing Role in Asia. Duke U. Press, 1997

Brandt, Conrad. Stalin’s Failure in China: 1924-1927. Harvard U. Press, 1958

Day, Allan (ed.). China and the Soviet Union 1949-1984. Longman, 1985

Garnett, Sherman (ed.). Rapprochement or Rivalry? Russia-China Relations in a Changing Asia. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2000

Kim, Samuel (ed.). China and the World: Chinese Foreign Policy Faces the New Millennium. Westview Press, 1998

Malik, Hafeez (ed.). The Roles of United States, Russia, and China in the New World Order. St. Martin’s Press, 1997

Mandelbaum, Michael (ed.). The Strategic Quadrangle. Russia, China, Japan and the United States in East Asia. New York: Council on Foreign Relations Press, 1995

Schwartz, Harry. Tsars, Mandarins, and Commissars. A History of Chinese-Russian Relations. Lippincott, 1964

Voskressenski, Alexei. The Difficult Border: Current Russian and Chinese Concepts of Sino-Russian Relations and Frontier Problems. Nova Science Publishers, 1996

Westad, Odd Arne. Brothers In Arms: The Rise and Fall of the Sino-Soviet Alliance 1945-1963. Stanford U.Press, 1998

Zagoria, Donald. The Sino-Soviet Conflict 1956-1961. Princeton U. Press, 1989