{"id":2152,"date":"2016-12-12T15:48:00","date_gmt":"2016-12-12T20:48:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/glendon\/communications\/?p=2152"},"modified":"2024-05-30T14:52:42","modified_gmt":"2024-05-30T18:52:42","slug":"nuees-et-troupeaux-une-communication-sans-agent","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/glendon\/communications\/2016\/12\/12\/nuees-et-troupeaux-une-communication-sans-agent\/?lang=fr","title":{"rendered":"Nu\u00e9es et troupeaux: une communication sans agent"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Dans ses notes de cours rassembl\u00e9es sous le titre&nbsp;<em>Mind, Self, Society<\/em>&nbsp;et publi\u00e9es de mani\u00e8re posthume en 1943, George Herbert Mead avance l\u2019argument que le soi n\u2019est pas donn\u00e9 \u00e0 l\u2019avance, mais qu\u2019il \u00ab\u00e9merge\u00bb (dans l\u2019\u00e9dition anglaise de 1972, voir notamment p. 214: \u00abThe social creativity of the emergent self\u00bb). En ce sens, le \u00absoi\u00bb n\u2019est pas un r\u00e9sultat ou un effet ou une manifestation que de \u00abmoi\u00bb, mais plut\u00f4t un ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne \u00ab\u00e9mergeant\u00bb de rapports sociaux. C\u2019est la participation avec autrui \u2013les interactions, les relations\u2013 qui permet l\u2019organisation et l\u2019\u00e9mergence d\u2019un \u00absoi\u00bb, de quelque chose que je peux reconna\u00eetre et nommer \u00abmoi\u00bb:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p>Cette participation est rendue possible par le genre de communication que l\u2019homme peut r\u00e9aliser, communication distincte de celle qui se produit dans d\u2019autres esp\u00e8ces qui ne poss\u00e8dent pas ce principe dans leurs soci\u00e9t\u00e9s.\u00bb (<em>L\u2019esprit, le soi, la soci\u00e9t\u00e9<\/em>, p. 215)<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Clip from Swarm (Natures invasions)\" width=\"1778\" height=\"1000\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/cIgHEhziUxU?feature=oembed&rel=0\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Bien que Mead cherche \u00e0 poser une distinction fondamentale entre la communication humaine et les autres formes de communications, un exemple tir\u00e9 du comportement du r\u00e8gne animal peut nous aider \u00e0 \u00e9clairer son argument.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Prenons un banc de sardines, un troupeau de rennes sauvage ou encore une nu\u00e9e d\u2019oiseaux volants en formation. Visiblement, le groupe pr\u00e9sente une certaine coh\u00e9sion: il ressemble \u00e0 un organisme g\u00e9ant, parce qu\u2019il manifeste un certain degr\u00e9 d\u2019organisation: l\u2019observant, nous lui reconnaissons une forme, m\u00eame si celle-ci est constamment changeante. Ses membres (chaque sardine, chaque renne, chaque oiseau) doivent communiquer entre eux pour ne pas \u00eatre simplement \u00e9parpill\u00e9s, mais plut\u00f4t pr\u00e9senter cette forme singuli\u00e8re, cet effet de groupe.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Est-ce que l\u2019un d\u2019eux en particulier d\u00e9cide du mouvement de l\u2019ensemble du groupe? Certaines recherches sugg\u00e8rent que non. Bien que des leaders puisse \u00eatre parfois identifi\u00e9s dans ces larges groupes, ils n\u2019ont pas le monopole de la communication et ne d\u00e9cident pas \u00e0 eux seuls de l\u2019ordre et de la direction de la m\u00eal\u00e9e (<a href=\"http:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0003347215003139\">Ramos, 2015<\/a>). Est-ce alors le groupe \u2013la forme gigantesque\u2013 qui d\u00e9cide du comportement de chaque individu? Pas tout \u00e0 fait. Ces groupes sont clairement fluides, s\u2019adaptant \u00e0 chaque instant aux facteurs pr\u00e9sents dans l\u2019environnement (sons, odeurs, obstacles, pr\u00e9sence de pr\u00e9dateurs, par exemple). C\u2019est fluidit\u00e9, cette plasticit\u00e9, ce caract\u00e8re changeant sugg\u00e8re que l\u2019organisation (ou la structure) du groupe n\u2019est pas pr\u00e9d\u00e9termin\u00e9e. Il n\u2019y a pas d\u2019organisation pr\u00e9\u00e9tablie: celle-ci aussi \u00ab\u00e9merge\u00bb.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Gretna Green Starling Murmurations\" width=\"1778\" height=\"1000\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/M1Q-EbX6dso?feature=oembed&rel=0\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>La communication ne se fait donc ni d\u2019un individu vers le groupe, ni du groupe vers les individus. La communication, dans ces trois exemples, est un processus qui existe et qui a lieu entre les individus, et non pas d\u2019un individu \u00e0 l\u2019autre. Le comportement des individus \u2013le mouvement de chaque sardine, de chaque renne, de chaque oiseau\u2013 \u00e9merge dans son individualit\u00e9 par cette communication. La sardine ne peut dire \u00abc\u2019est moi\u00bb que dans la mesure o\u00f9 elle admet du m\u00eame souffle: \u00abMais moi, dans mes mouvements erratiques et pourtant organis\u00e9s, je suis le r\u00e9sultat des relations que j\u2019entretiens avec mes voisines. Je suis unique, mais je ne suis unique, je n\u2019existe et je ne nage qu\u2019avec mes semblables, en banc serr\u00e9.\u00bb<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Mead nous permet donc de penser une autre communication: non plus de \u00abmoi\u00bb \u00e0 \u00abtoi\u00bb, mais comme le processus m\u00eame \u00e0 partir duquel \u00e9merge un \u00abmoi\u00bb et un \u00abtoi\u00bb. C\u2019est une perspective qui existe entre l\u2019id\u00e9e d\u2019un sujet d\u00e9terminant la communication (\u00abje communique\u00bb: \u00abje\u00bb comme agent et ma\u00eetre de la communication) et celle, oppos\u00e9e d\u2019un sujet enti\u00e8rement d\u00e9termin\u00e9 par une communication. Entre \u00abtoi\u00bb et \u00abmoi\u00bb, \u00e9merge la possibilit\u00e9 aussi bien la possibilit\u00e9 d\u2019un sujet (la sardine) que celle d\u2019une structure plus large (le banc de sardines, \u00e0 la forme fluide et dynamique, mais toujours reconnaissable).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ma coll\u00e8gue Sarah Choukah et moi avons r\u00e9cemment explor\u00e9 les implications d\u2019une telle communication \u00e9mergente dans un article co\u00e9crit pour un num\u00e9ro sp\u00e9cial de la revue&nbsp;<em>Social Science Information<\/em>:&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/ssi.sagepub.com\/content\/55\/3\/286.full\">\u201cEmergence and ontogenetics: Towards a communication without agent\u201d<\/a>. Le num\u00e9ro sp\u00e9cial intitul\u00e9&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/ssi.sagepub.com\/content\/55\/3.toc\"><em>Unfolding emergence and re-animating the causal flow<\/em><\/a>&nbsp;est \u00e9dit\u00e9 par mon coll\u00e8gue David Jaclin (Universit\u00e9 d\u2019Ottawa) et moi-m\u00eame. Je serai heureux de partager une copie de l\u2019article \u00e0 celles et ceux qui souhaiteraient le consulter.<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.glendon.yorku.ca\/communications\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/174\/25121357602_dbf0127ef4_k-825x475.jpg\" alt=\"\u201cMurmuration\u201d by milo bostock (CC BY 2.0)\" width=\"825\" height=\"475\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.glendon.yorku.ca\/communications\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/174\/25121357602_dbf0127ef4_k-825x475.jpg 825w, https:\/\/www.glendon.yorku.ca\/communications\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/174\/25121357602_dbf0127ef4_k-300x173.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.glendon.yorku.ca\/communications\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/174\/25121357602_dbf0127ef4_k-724x417.jpg 724w, https:\/\/www.glendon.yorku.ca\/communications\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/174\/25121357602_dbf0127ef4_k.jpg 2048w\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-420\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/milesmilo\/25121357602\/\">\u201cMurmuration\u201d<\/a>&nbsp;by milo bostock&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/2.0\/\">(CC BY 2.0)<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">References<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Choukah, S., &amp; Theophanidis, P. (2016).&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/ssi.sagepub.com\/content\/55\/3\/286.full\">\u201cEmergence and ontogenetics: Towards a communication without agent\u201d<\/a>.&nbsp;<em>Social Science Information<\/em>, 55(3), 286\u2013299.<\/li><li>Mead, G. H., &amp; Morris, C. W. (1972).&nbsp;<em>Mind, self, and society from the standpoint of a social behaviorist<\/em>. Chicago; London: University of Chicago Press.<\/li><li>Mead, G. H., Cefa\u00ef, D., &amp; Qu\u00e9r\u00e9, L. (2006).&nbsp;<em>L\u2019esprit, le soi et la soci\u00e9t\u00e9<\/em>. Paris: Presses universitaires de France.<\/li><li>Ramos A, Petit O, Pasquaretta C, Sueur C, Ramos A, Petit O, \u2026 Longour P. (2015).&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0003347215003139\">\u201cCollective decision making during group movements in European bison, Bison bonasus\u201d<\/a>.&nbsp;<em>Animal Behaviour<\/em>, 109, 149\u2013160.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>No related posts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Published by<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p>Philippe Theophanidis<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.glendon.yorku.ca\/communications\/author\/theop\/\">View all posts by Philippe Theophanidis<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Dans ses notes de cours rassembl\u00e9es sous le titre&nbsp;Mind, Self, Society&nbsp;et publi\u00e9es de mani\u00e8re posthume en 1943, George Herbert Mead avance l\u2019argument que le soi n\u2019est pas donn\u00e9 \u00e0 l\u2019avance, mais qu\u2019il \u00ab\u00e9merge\u00bb (dans l\u2019\u00e9dition anglaise de 1972, voir notamment p. 214: \u00abThe social creativity of the emergent self\u00bb). En ce sens, le \u00absoi\u00bb n\u2019est [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1243,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_kad_blocks_custom_css":"","_kad_blocks_head_custom_js":"","_kad_blocks_body_custom_js":"","_kad_blocks_footer_custom_js":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[21],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2152","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-communications"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Nu\u00e9es et troupeaux: une communication sans agent<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Ce billet explore l&#039;id\u00e9e d&#039;une communication sans agent. 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