{VERSION 6 0 "IBM INTEL NT" "6.0" } {USTYLETAB {CSTYLE "Maple Input" -1 0 "Courier" 0 1 255 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 }{CSTYLE "2D Math" -1 2 "Times" 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 }{CSTYLE "2D Input" 2 19 "" 0 1 255 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 } {CSTYLE "2D Output" 2 20 "" 0 1 0 0 255 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 } {CSTYLE "" -1 256 "" 1 16 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 }{CSTYLE "" -1 260 "" 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 }{CSTYLE "" -1 261 "" 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 }{PSTYLE "Normal" -1 0 1 {CSTYLE "" -1 -1 "Tim es" 1 12 0 0 0 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 }1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 2 2 0 1 } {PSTYLE "Warning" -1 7 1 {CSTYLE "" -1 -1 "Courier" 1 10 0 0 255 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 3 1 }1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 2 2 0 1 }{PSTYLE "Maple Output " -1 11 1 {CSTYLE "" -1 -1 "Times" 1 12 0 0 0 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 } 3 3 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 2 2 0 1 }{PSTYLE "Maple Output" -1 12 1 {CSTYLE " " -1 -1 "Times" 1 12 0 0 0 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 }1 3 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 2 2 0 1 }{PSTYLE "Maple Plot" -1 13 1 {CSTYLE "" -1 -1 "Times" 1 12 0 0 0 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 }3 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 2 2 0 1 }} {SECT 0 {EXCHG {PARA 0 "" 0 "" {TEXT 256 55 "Eigenstates of a one-dime nsional Coulomb-type potential" }}{PARA 0 "" 0 "" {TEXT -1 0 "" }} {PARA 0 "" 0 "" {TEXT -1 302 "A number of problems involving atom-lase r interactions have been modeled revcently by a one-dimensional potent ial. Such an approach may be justified when the linearly polarized las er field affects the bound electrons so strongly that the spherical na ture of the atomic potential becomes less important." }}{PARA 0 "" 0 " " {TEXT -1 0 "" }}{PARA 0 "" 0 "" {TEXT -1 60 "We use this potential t o demonstrate matrix diagonalization." }}{PARA 0 "" 0 "" {TEXT -1 0 " " }}}{EXCHG {PARA 0 "> " 0 "" {MPLTEXT 1 0 20 "restart; Digits:=15:" } }}{EXCHG {PARA 0 "> " 0 "" {MPLTEXT 1 0 33 "with(LinearAlgebra): with( plots):" }}{PARA 7 "" 1 "" {TEXT -1 50 "Warning, the name changecoords has been redefined\n" }}}{EXCHG {PARA 0 "" 0 "" {TEXT -1 244 "The mat rix representation of the problem is obtained by choosing a basis and \+ calculating matrix elements as integrals. The ladder approach is very \+ powerful for simple polynomial-type potentials, but not for our potent ial given in Bohr units as:" }}}{EXCHG {PARA 0 "> " 0 "" {MPLTEXT 1 0 18 "V:=-1/sqrt(1+x^2);" }}{PARA 11 "" 1 "" {XPPMATH 20 "6#>%\"VG,$*&\" \"\"F'*$,&F'F'*$)%\"xG\"\"#F'F'#F'F-!\"\"F/" }}}{EXCHG {PARA 0 "> " 0 "" {MPLTEXT 1 0 66 "PLV:=plot(V,x=-5..5,view=[-5..5,-1..0],thickness=2 ): display(PLV);" }}{PARA 13 "" 1 "" {GLPLOT2D 618 206 206 {PLOTDATA 2 "6%-%'CURVESG6%7\\o7$$!\"&\"\"!$!3WS=Q^8;h>!#=7$$!3!*HLLe%G?y%!#<$!3 U.i7oo)o/#F-7$$!3#*pmT&esBf%F1$!341/Pm]mF@F-7$$!3mHL$3s%3zVF1$!3s_a<6E FEAF-7$$!3uRL$e/$QkTF1$!3#4u**z^R\\L#F-7$$!3!)pmT5=q]RF1$!3sEKM]*3QX#F -7$$!3'*RL3_>f_PF1$!3)[EfX%['\\d#F-7$$!3))***\\(o1YZNF1$!3]W&3GbzJr#F- 7$$!3#)RL3-OJNLF1$!3)z[APa8>(GF-7$$!38++v$*o%Q7$F1$!3w*pantx([IF-7$$!3 ()pmm\"RFj!HF1$!3UA`,w;c`KF-7$$!3>SL$e4OZr#F1$!3)[vhOe[lX$F-7$$!3?+++v '\\!*\\#F1$!3zA**RrT7:PF-7$$!3%)*****\\ixCG#F1$!3Dvn[ut&H,%F-7$$!3#*** ***\\KqP2#F1$!3ibh,yz]VVF-7$$!3-SL3-TC%)=F1$!3w/-y+(yyo%F-7$$!3-qmm\"4 z)e;F1$!3YG3!R&Roi^F-7$$!35qmmm`'zY\"F1$!3#>H*y4Y'*HcF-7$$!3#*4+v=t)eC \"F1$!3s#['*)=,]fiF-7$$!3#*pmm;1J\\5F1$!3#3$=0Gl#*)*oF-7$$!3)**4+v=[jL )F-$!3Q47&**yt5o(F-7$$!3M+,]iXg#G'F-$!3mxK%Qn^vY)F-7$$!3')*pm;aQ(RTF-$ !3$3z3F=y&R#*F-7$$!3;+n\"HdGe:$F-$!3\"3I)Q$G#RO&*F-7$$!3!**pmTg=><#F-$ !3iT$Rx.o@x*F-7$$!3,!Q3Fpy7k\"F-$!3u>/#Htrz')*F-7$$!3(*\\+D\"yQ16\"F-$ !3yIQ>g))))Q**F-7$$!3A+*3_D)=`%)!#>$!3[K9mY@Yk**F-7$$!3/]s\"zp))**z&F^ t$!3eyqY$QAK)**F-7$$!3-?ciS\"*yYJF^t$!3eo+4LD0&***F-7$$!3N++MLe*e$\\!# ?$!3E9u)o=y)****F-7$$\"3!***4a)3RBE#F^t$!3ipf%G*=W(***F-7$$\"3<+gTgxE= ]F^t$!3[#*fWEAV()**F-7$$\"37+5HKk>uxF^t$!3%))yLuA<*p**F-7$$\"3%**f;/^7 I0\"F-$!3#=q*f\"3:]%**F-7$$\"31+;zW#)>/;F-$!3=eY2%F-$!3[/%3!*>Z2E*F-7$$\"3S]Ke*[K56&F-$!31wx6#>vV!*)F-7$$\"3K+mm \"zXu9'F-$!3C$pOK(f,>&)F-7$$\"36]K$e9i\"=sF-$!3i7MJ_XN3\")F-7$$\"3!*** )****\\y))G)F-$!3U&)*G6j=!*p(F-7$$\"3!)**)*\\ibOO$*F-$!3C[^$G-Z%4tF-7$ $\"33!***\\i_QQ5F1$!3dE+rG7oOpF-7$$\"36!**\\7y%3T7F1$!3Q^qc<\")>uiF-7$ $\"3-!***\\P![hY\"F1$!3gYW'RNGZj&F-7$$\"3'*>LL$Qx$o;F1$!3t<7;8p2T^F-7$ $\"3/!****\\P+V)=F1$!3?TE*pYpxo%F-7$$\"3+gm\"zpe*z?F1$!3jx9yMU,LVF-7$$ \"31!****\\#\\'QH#F1$!3WjG.RTA'*RF-7$$\"31?Le9S8&\\#F1$!3^plRd![,s$F-7 $$\"32!**\\i?=bq#F1$!3w)f3K!>\"pY$F-7$$\"3.?LL3s?6HF1$!39\"=d\"4So[KF- 7$$\"3@!**\\7`Wl7$F1$!3k0Uh?9RYIF-7$$\"3#)\\mmm*RRL$F1$!3/g.jm\"**H(GF -7$$\"3=]m;a<.YNF1$!3!p(eyKB>9FF-7$$\"3')>Le9tOcPF1$!3?$o4@@[Dd#F-7$$ \"3'**)****\\Qk\\RF1$!3/HS(>kEWX#F-7$$\"3q>L$3dg6<%F1$!3/-%\\*\\>NJBF- 7$$\"33]mmmxGpVF1$!3?\"G&>Hi,JAF-7$$\"3!)z*\\7oK0e%F1$!3:pWDK[\"H8#F-7 $$\"3!)z*\\(=5s#y%F1$!3gh!)3&)GgY?F-7$$\"\"&F*F+-%'COLOURG6&%$RGBG$\"# 5!\"\"$F*F*F[`l-%*THICKNESSG6#\"\"#-%+AXESLABELSG6$Q\"x6\"Q!Fd`l-%%VIE WG6$;F(Fb_l;$Fj_lF*F[`l" 1 2 0 1 10 0 2 9 1 4 2 1.000000 45.000000 45.000000 0 0 "Curve 1" }}}}{EXCHG {PARA 0 "" 0 "" {TEXT -1 189 "The p otential has a long-range tail. It is bounded from below at x=0. The u ncertainty principle is not strong enough to prevent collapse in the 1 d case, i.e., V(x)=-1/|x| is not acceptable." }}{PARA 0 "" 0 "" {TEXT -1 0 "" }}{PARA 0 "" 0 "" {TEXT -1 112 "The harmonic oscillator basis \+ with some choice of oscillator constant should work for the bound stat es at least." }}{PARA 0 "" 0 "" {TEXT -1 0 "" }}{PARA 0 "" 0 "" {TEXT -1 22 "We pick a matrix size:" }}}{EXCHG {PARA 0 "> " 0 "" {MPLTEXT 1 0 6 "N:=25;" }}{PARA 11 "" 1 "" {XPPMATH 20 "6#>%\"NG\"#D" }}}{EXCHG {PARA 0 "> " 0 "" {MPLTEXT 1 0 32 "H0:=Matrix(N,N,shape=symmetric):" } }}{EXCHG {PARA 0 "" 0 "" {TEXT -1 40 "The matrix is initialized to zer o, e.g.:" }}}{EXCHG {PARA 0 "> " 0 "" {MPLTEXT 1 0 8 "H0[2,3];" }} {PARA 11 "" 1 "" {XPPMATH 20 "6#\"\"!" }}}{EXCHG {PARA 0 "" 0 "" {TEXT -1 38 "We pick the Bohr unit system in which " }{TEXT 19 16 "hba r=1, m=1, e=1" }{TEXT -1 2 ". " }}{PARA 0 "" 0 "" {TEXT -1 159 "The ha rmonic oscillator basis depends on a scale parameter. The spring const ant is chosen in Bohr units, or we simply set the circular frequency i n Bohr units." }}}{EXCHG {PARA 0 "> " 0 "" {MPLTEXT 1 0 12 "omega:=0.2 5:" }}}{EXCHG {PARA 0 "> " 0 "" {MPLTEXT 1 0 55 "lambda:=sqrt(omega); \+ # sqrt(m*omega/hbar) is the scale!" }}{PARA 11 "" 1 "" {XPPMATH 20 "6# >%'lambdaG$\"0+++++++&!#:" }}}{EXCHG {PARA 0 "> " 0 "" {MPLTEXT 1 0 16 "with(orthopoly);" }}{PARA 11 "" 1 "" {XPPMATH 20 "6#7(%\"GG%\"HG% \"LG%\"PG%\"TG%\"UG" }}}{EXCHG {PARA 0 "> " 0 "" {MPLTEXT 1 0 72 "phi: =n->sqrt(lambda/sqrt(Pi)/2^n/n!)*exp(-(lambda*x)^2/2)*H(n,lambda*x);" }}{PARA 11 "" 1 "" {XPPMATH 20 "6#>%$phiGj+6#%\"nG6\"6$%)operatorG%&ar rowGF(*(-%%sqrtG6#**%'lambdaG\"\"\"-F.6#%#PiG!\"\")\"\"#9$F6-%*factori alG6#F9F6F2-%$expG6#,$*(F8F6F1F8%\"xGF8F6F2-%\"HG6$F9*&F1F2FBF2F2F(F(F (6#\"\"!" }}}{EXCHG {PARA 0 "> " 0 "" {MPLTEXT 1 0 6 "X:=20;" }}{PARA 11 "" 1 "" {XPPMATH 20 "6#>%\"XG\"#?" }}}{EXCHG {PARA 0 "> " 0 "" {MPLTEXT 1 0 22 "plot(phi(24),x=-X..X);" }}{PARA 13 "" 1 "" {GLPLOT2D 622 134 134 {PLOTDATA 2 "6%-%'CURVESG6$7[il7$$!#?\"\"!$\"39oh*f.9_5\"! #C7$$!3$)HLL$Q6G\">!#;$\"3=f%pIx=2F#!#B7$$!36qm;M!\\p$=F1$\"34L@*31G__ #!#A7$$!35ILL))Qj^uDF)7$$!3:g;z%4&QW;F1$\"3[U^(f(Rc6UF)7$$ !3/++Drp,B;F1$\"31bzgd`B_nF)7$$!3$*R$3x%)[;g\"F1$\"3yHh0YcEg5!#>7$$!31 qm;C2G!e\"F1$\"3,Eo%4F!eH;FZ7$$!34++]_(e1a\"F1$\"3_@zugj.3MFZ7$$!3%*HL $3yO5]\"F1$\"3u)H()Q4I\"plFZ7$$!3)*****\\_O_![\"F1$\"35*)pBmyy:*)FZ7$$ !31gm;C0,g9F1$\"3GxY:j!G-=\"!#=7$$!3#*HL$eR(\\R9F1$\"3#*)[/(>La@:F^p7$ $!3&*****\\nU)*=9F1$\"3#=))ec&3$p!>F^p7$$!33IL$3cpxR\"F1$\"3^;a-QdSKBF ^p7$$!3/gm;a[bw8F1$\"3u$**p*H'\\Ev#F^p7$$!3%*****\\Z,Mb8F1$\"3!RQxiDI: 7$F^p7$$!32IL$3WDTL\"F1$\"3acgJek(=Q$F^p7$$!3%***\\7t(Q)G8F1$\"3*R'[Sz ]cAMF^p7$$!3/gmT0@bB8F1$\"3'z:IXBY;X$F^p7$$!3\"*H$3xVl#=8F1$\"3)))\\jx %o)[BA\"F1 $\"3*48=ajWGZ 67F1$\"3[JggZLgHWFZ7$$!3&*RL3d[.17F1$\"3@NzF3P&z_\"FZ7$$!3(*f7`pof+7F1 $!3=D-v+>%yQ\"FZ7$$!3/q\"z>))e^>\"F1$!3u:hsV'H-H%FZ7$$!3%*zqU%*3s*=\"F 1$!3]34FU[Q]rFZ7$$!3'***\\(o!HG%=\"F1$!3x&Q1%H6_Q**FZ7$$!3+S3xJpSt6F1$ !3E-*4yf*o<:F^p7$$!33qmmc4`i6F1$!3'ejW]N#=w>F^p7$$!3-+](=R^H:\"F1$!3P# [1+IssI#F^p7$$!34SL3F=PV6F1$!3wr9)4&44bDF^p7$$!3.q;HiAzL6F1$!3')fWn'>; 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For this we need to have acce ss to the eigenvectors which contain the expansion coefficients." }}} {EXCHG {PARA 0 "> " 0 "" {MPLTEXT 1 0 23 "EVEC:=Eigenvectors(H0):" }}} {EXCHG {PARA 0 "> " 0 "" {MPLTEXT 1 0 22 "convert(EVEC[1],list);" }} {PARA 12 "" 1 "" {XPPMATH 20 "6#7;$!0e4JRgvp'!#:$!0;,>`!z[FF&$!0QYOi%) G^\"F&$!081iq!*Q$))!#;$!0!z*R/')QL%F-$\"0kj7o#Hl=F-$\"0NioVR*[#)F-$\"0 UMR,UOz\"F&$\"0t51(3zVEF&$\"0YQJ6P7+%F&$\"0u&y;ZzX]F&$\"0%Qjd-b&z'F&$ \"0`R&*pS8-)F&$\"0$z?v\")yG5!#9$\"07w')p`*o6FB$\"0<*)yS2kW\"FB$\"056qH \"R.;FB$\"0sWWbBH'>FB$\"0UW<3,o8#FB$\"0<_fjC3d#FB$\"0C7h5O8w#FB$\"0%*f i@p)pLFB$\"0(3a)*R9yNFB$\"0$\\Z=H5IVFB$\"0uo0Mbub%FB" }}}{EXCHG {PARA 0 "> " 0 "" {MPLTEXT 1 0 14 "nops(EVEC[2]);" }}{PARA 11 "" 1 "" {XPPMATH 20 "6#\"\"$" }}}{EXCHG {PARA 0 "> " 0 "" {MPLTEXT 1 0 13 "EVE C[2][1,2];" }}{PARA 11 "" 1 "" {XPPMATH 20 "6#$\"%(p\"!#?" }}}{EXCHG {PARA 0 "> " 0 "" {MPLTEXT 1 0 57 "?Eigenvectors # explains how the ei genvectors are stored." }}}{EXCHG {PARA 0 "> " 0 "" {MPLTEXT 1 0 63 "V 1:=convert(convert(SubMatrix(EVEC[2],1..N,1..1),Vector),list);" }} {PARA 12 "" 1 "" {XPPMATH 20 "6#>%#V1G7;$\"0z;$RA&f#)*!#:$\"0q&)zW9Kp \"!#J$!0U[*4gs(f\"F($\"0\"\\\"pQ?=A&F+$\"0ZTfC8]?)!#;$\"0%R#Gbyxq#F+$! 0 \+ " 0 "" {MPLTEXT 1 0 33 "psi1:=add(V1[i]*phi(i-1),i=1..N):" }}}{EXCHG {PARA 0 "> " 0 "" {MPLTEXT 1 0 99 "PL1:=plot([EVEC[1][1],EVEC[1][1]+ps i1^2],x=-5..5,color=[black,blue],thickness=2): display(PLV,PL1);" }} {PARA 13 "" 1 "" {GLPLOT2D 650 214 214 {PLOTDATA 2 "6'-%'CURVESG6%7\\o 7$$!\"&\"\"!$!3WS=Q^8;h>!#=7$$!3!*HLLe%G?y%!#<$!3U.i7oo)o/#F-7$$!3#*pm T&esBf%F1$!341/Pm]mF@F-7$$!3mHL$3s%3zVF1$!3s_a<6EFEAF-7$$!3uRL$e/$QkTF 1$!3#4u**z^R\\L#F-7$$!3!)pmT5=q]RF1$!3sEKM]*3QX#F-7$$!3'*RL3_>f_PF1$!3 )[EfX%['\\d#F-7$$!3))***\\(o1YZNF1$!3]W&3GbzJr#F-7$$!3#)RL3-OJNLF1$!3) z[APa8>(GF-7$$!38++v$*o%Q7$F1$!3w*pantx([IF-7$$!3()pmm\"RFj!HF1$!3UA`, w;c`KF-7$$!3>SL$e4OZr#F1$!3)[vhOe[lX$F-7$$!3?+++v'\\!*\\#F1$!3zA**RrT7 :PF-7$$!3%)*****\\ixCG#F1$!3Dvn[ut&H,%F-7$$!3#******\\KqP2#F1$!3ibh,yz ]VVF-7$$!3-SL3-TC%)=F1$!3w/-y+(yyo%F-7$$!3-qmm\"4z)e;F1$!3YG3!R&Roi^F- 7$$!35qmmm`'zY\"F1$!3#>H*y4Y'*HcF-7$$!3#*4+v=t)eC\"F1$!3s#['*)=,]fiF-7 $$!3#*pmm;1J\\5F1$!3#3$=0Gl#*)*oF-7$$!3)**4+v=[jL)F-$!3Q47&**yt5o(F-7$ $!3M+,]iXg#G'F-$!3mxK%Qn^vY)F-7$$!3')*pm;aQ(RTF-$!3$3z3F=y&R#*F-7$$!3; +n\"HdGe:$F-$!3\"3I)Q$G#RO&*F-7$$!3!**pmTg=><#F-$!3iT$Rx.o@x*F-7$$!3,! 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" }}{PARA 0 "" 0 "" {TEXT -1 0 "" }}{PARA 0 "" 0 "" {TEXT 260 11 "Exer cise 1:" }}{PARA 0 "" 0 "" {TEXT -1 304 "Explore some of the other sta tes in a similar fashion. Verify the accuracy (or rather inaccuracy) o f the highest negative-energy state of the calculation by: (i) increas ing the matrix size and tracking the energy for this state; (ii) findi ng the corresponding state in the numerical integration approach." }} {PARA 0 "" 0 "" {TEXT -1 0 "" }}{PARA 0 "" 0 "" {TEXT 261 11 "Exercise 2:" }}{PARA 0 "" 0 "" {TEXT -1 158 "What is the meaning of the positi ve-energy solutions? Can they represent true scattering states? Look a t the wavefunction for one of them to find your answer." }}}{EXCHG {PARA 0 "> " 0 "" {MPLTEXT 1 0 0 "" }}}}{MARK "32" 0 }{VIEWOPTS 1 1 0 1 1 1803 1 1 1 1 }{PAGENUMBERS 0 1 2 33 1 1 }