{"id":14151,"date":"2011-10-26T06:00:53","date_gmt":"2011-10-26T10:00:53","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.iposgoode.ca\/?p=14151"},"modified":"2011-10-26T06:00:53","modified_gmt":"2011-10-26T10:00:53","slug":"googles-api-motion-to-dismiss-oracles-java-copyright-claims-is-defeated","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/osgoode\/iposgoode\/2011\/10\/26\/googles-api-motion-to-dismiss-oracles-java-copyright-claims-is-defeated\/","title":{"rendered":"Google\u2019s API Motion To Dismiss Oracle\u2019s Java Copyright Claims Is Defeated"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><em>Mark Bowman is a JD candidate at Osgoode Hall Law School.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Google\u2019s attempt to dismiss via summary judgment copyright infringement accusations from Oracle against its Java-based Android operating system have failed, with one exception.\u00a0In\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.groklaw.net\/pdf3\/OraGoogle-433.pdf\">a judgment filled with veiled disdain for Google\u2019s motion<\/a>, the United States District Judge William Alsup found that the main subject matter of the motion, the APIs, was not sufficiently defined by Google to pass the copyright challenges presented in Oracle's original complaint, with the exception of names found within the APIs.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/i.i.com.com\/cnwk.1d\/i\/ne\/pdfs\/FINAL_Complaint.pdf\"><!--more-->Oracle previously filed notice on September 12, 2010,<\/a> for both patent and copyright infringement, and this latest motion from Google had aims to remove the copyright component from the complaint by showing that 12 source code files do not have copyright protection.\u00a0 Google also asserted that the names, <em>sc\u00e8nes \u00e0 faire<\/em> in nature, used as a method of operation a degree of similarity with the original files and the fair use nature of the 37 API package specifications removed any copyright protection. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/news\/2011-09-22\/oracle-estimates-damages-are-1-2-billion-in-android-dispute-with-google.html\">Oracle has estimated damages<\/a> from the patent and copyright infringement at $1.2 billion, and the two parties are actively negotiating a settlement, although reports are a <a href=\"http:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/news\/2011-09-21\/google-oracle-ceos-are-said-to-make-little-headway-in-patent-negotiations.html\">settlement will not be reached in the immediate future<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>APIs, or application programming interfaces, are extremely brief pieces of code that wrap around either a program or a library (a grouping of smaller pieces of code that does not run by itself but provides functionality to other programs) and act as a local specification or standard for any connecting program to use. The irony of this copyright infringement claim is that APIs are usually exposed to third\u00a0parties to allow for software to grow beyond the original design and use, a technique that is found in almost every modern web-based service. Oracle has objected because Google has replaced code within 12 code files found on the other side of the Java APIs, something that Google probably has done to ensure positive and consistent Android customer experience on the various mobile platforms that it runs on.<\/p>\n<p>Google argued that the 12 code files were a small part of a larger monolithic Java copyright and thus too meager to be considered copyright infringement (Java is exponentially larger in size than 12 files).\u00a0 The judge ruled against Google and found that each individual file would have its own copyright protection. Google also asserted that the API specifications themselves were not subject to copyright protection due to the general nature of the specifications as names, the <em>sc\u00e8nes \u00e0 faire<\/em> nature of the technique, the fact that APIs are a \u2018method of operation\u2019, that APIs fall under the \u2018virtual identify standard\u2019, and that the use of the Java APIs was \u2018fair use\u2019.<\/p>\n<p>Justice Alsup did side with Google on the first of these issues and found that the various names associated with the specifications (the names of the methods found within the API, the name of the API, and any other class name) were not subject to copyright. The judge however dismissed the other notions that the use of APIs within software was <em>sc\u00e8ne \u00e0 faire<\/em> (an element of created work that is either obligated or expected within the work, and thus not copyrightable).\u00a0 The Court also disagreed with the argument that, as a \u2018method of operation\u2019 within software development, an API is not copyrightable (as defined by <a href=\"http:\/\/www.copyright.gov\/title17\/92chap1.html#102\">17 U.S.C. 102(b)<\/a>). The judge further rejected Google\u2019s arguments that in order to be deemed copyrighted work the material had to be virtually identifiable and not substantially similar (Android\u2019s versions of the APIs would be similar but not identical), and the Java API packages cannot be deemed either fair use or not (as defined in <a href=\"http:\/\/www.copyright.gov\/title17\/92chap1.html#107\">17 U.S.C. 107<\/a>) due to existing disputed questions of material fact.<\/p>\n<p>The response by the District Court to Google\u2019s request still leaves much to be decided by a jury if a settlement cannot be reached before trial. Oracle\u2019s claim that \u2018Android fragmented the Java platform and locked Java out of the smartphone market\u2019 is a bit unexpected as Oracle does not have any existing presence within the mobile market, nor has it announced any initiatives to make its presence known; <a href=\"http:\/\/computemagazine.com\/google-gives-oracle-a-tutorial-on-api-copyright-law\/\">the theory is<\/a> that Oracle\u2019s motivation behind this suit could be either to do a favour for Apple (Android's main competitor in the mobile market), or to protect against future copyright infringement claims against their own products (including Java). It is also of interest that both Java and Android are open-source software covered by the <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/GNU_General_Public_License\">GNU General Public License<\/a>, which could be sufficient to suggest fair use if this complaint reaches trial.<\/p>\n<p>Canadian copyright law contains a similar provision covering \u2018using any method or principle of manufacture or construction\u2019 (<a href=\"http:\/\/laws-lois.justice.gc.ca\/eng\/acts\/C-42\/page-35.html\">64.1(1)(d)<\/a> of the <em>Copyright Act, 1985<\/em>), however this has not been tested against software APIs. BlackBerry, the third largest platform in the smartphone market, might provide the opportunity as they also offer Java as a development environment for their phones and, depending on how it is been implemented, could potentially face the same complaint from Oracle in Canadian Courts.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Mark Bowman is a JD candidate at Osgoode Hall Law School. Google\u2019s attempt to dismiss via summary judgment copyright infringement accusations from Oracle against its Java-based Android operating system have failed, with one exception.\u00a0In\u00a0a judgment filled with veiled disdain for Google\u2019s motion, the United States District Judge William Alsup found that the main subject matter [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2140,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_kad_blocks_custom_css":"","_kad_blocks_head_custom_js":"","_kad_blocks_body_custom_js":"","_kad_blocks_footer_custom_js":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[134,65,69,60,200,10,124,143],"tags":[1143],"class_list":["post-14151","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-competition-2","category-copyright","category-infringement-copyright-ip","category-ip","category-open-source","category-patents","category-technology","category-us","tag-mark-bowman"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Google\u2019s API Motion To Dismiss Oracle\u2019s Java Copyright Claims Is Defeated - IPOsgoode<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/osgoode\/iposgoode\/2011\/10\/26\/googles-api-motion-to-dismiss-oracles-java-copyright-claims-is-defeated\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Google\u2019s API Motion To Dismiss Oracle\u2019s Java Copyright Claims Is Defeated - IPOsgoode\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Mark Bowman is a JD candidate at Osgoode Hall Law School. 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