{"id":15349,"date":"2012-02-01T06:00:48","date_gmt":"2012-02-01T11:00:48","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.iposgoode.ca\/?p=15349"},"modified":"2012-02-01T06:00:48","modified_gmt":"2012-02-01T11:00:48","slug":"kerwhizz-v-the-bounch-bunch-the-ongoing-confusion-with-subconscious-copying","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/osgoode\/iposgoode\/2012\/02\/01\/kerwhizz-v-the-bounch-bunch-the-ongoing-confusion-with-subconscious-copying\/","title":{"rendered":"Kerwhizz v. The Bounce Bunch: The Ongoing Confusion With Subconscious Copying"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>The complicated position that subconscious copying occupies when establishing reproduction and infringement in copyright law was recently highlighted in a key decision by the <a href=\"http:\/\/www.justice.gov.uk\/guidance\/courts-and-tribunals\/courts\/hearing-lists\/list-patents-cc.htm\">Patents County Court<\/a> (PCC) of the UK. In <a href=\"http:\/\/www.bailii.org\/ew\/cases\/EWPCC\/2011\/42.html\"><em>Michael Mitchell v. BBC<\/em><\/a>, Judge Birss\u2019s meticulous judgment focused on whether there existed the possibility of either conscious or subconscious infringement, the latter being the specific aspect that the plaintiff\u2019s case was built on.<\/p>\n<p><!--more--><\/p>\n<p>Mr. Mitchell\u2019s case began by alleging that the characters on the BBC\u2019s hit TV series, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/cbeebies\/kerwhizz\/\">\u2018Kerwhizz<\/a>\u2019 were copied from his own proposal of animated eco-rangers for children, the \u2018Bounce Bunch\u2019. The \u2018striking similarities\u2019 between the two sets of characters were enough to raise infringement, in the plaintiff\u2019s opinion, especially since the characters had been made available online in some form since 2004, and most certainly since 2007. This raised the issue of access, and whether the BBC and <a href=\"http:\/\/www.blue-zoo.co.uk\/about\/\">Blue Zoo<\/a> (a design firm hired to co-create the Kerwhizz characters) could have had access to the Bounce Bunch online, and whether this could have led to copying\u2014 either consciously or subconsciously.<\/p>\n<p>In denying any copying or infringement, the BBC, while admitting that there were certain similarities between the two sets of characters, also pointed out that they\u00a0were\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.dailymail.co.uk\/news\/article-2062919\/CBBC-stole-characters-Cartoonist-launches-2m-copyright-claim-childrens-global-hit.html\">too superficial<\/a>\u00a0to be considered copying. With respect to access, it produced a stream of witnesses\u2014 from the graphic designers involved at all stages, to the producer of the entire project\u2014 all of whom vehemently denied being influenced by Mr. Mitchell\u2019s work, even going so far as to highlight that the former\u2019s work wasn\u2019t memorable enough to be remembered, let alone be copied from. The BBC\u2019s positive defense rested primarily on proving, with the help of its witnesses, that all content produced for Kerwhizz was entirely independently created, with the similarities between Kerwhizz and the Bounce Bunch being nothing more than the commonalities that were a part of the \u2018commercial and practical realities\u2019 of the children\u2019s cartoon industry in general.<\/p>\n<p>Judge Birss considered the relevant sections of the <a href=\"http:\/\/www.legislation.gov.uk\/ukpga\/1988\/48\/contents\">Copyright, Designs and Patents Act<\/a>: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.legislation.gov.uk\/ukpga\/1988\/48\/section\/1\">s.1(1)<\/a> for whether the Bounce Bunch (as original artistic works)\u00a0 were copyrightable; <a href=\"http:\/\/www.legislation.gov.uk\/ukpga\/1988\/48\/section\/4\">s.4(1) and s. 4(2)<\/a> for the copyrightability of graphic works; <a href=\"http:\/\/www.legislation.gov.uk\/ukpga\/1988\/48\/section\/17\">s.17(1) and s. 17(2)<\/a> for the legal definition of infringement, and finally, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.legislation.gov.uk\/ukpga\/1988\/48\/section\/16\">s. 16(3)(a)<\/a> to determine if what was allegedly copied by the BBC constituted a substantial part of Mr. Mitchell\u2019s copyrighted work. The judge was also concerned that the plaintiff\u2019s demand that the defendant show that there was \u2018no possibility of access\u2019 and that it \u201cmust be \u2018categorically impossible\u2019 for the defendant to have had an opportunity to copy\u201d tried to raise the civil standard of the balance of probabilities too high. He preferred to compare the striking similarities between the two works \u2018only ever [as a] matter for weighing up the evidence.\u2019 Ultimately, Judge Birss found that the possibility that someone from the BBC \u2018could have had access\u2019 to the Bounce Bunch while creating the Kerwhizz project, along with certain similarities, <a href=\"http:\/\/ipkitten.blogspot.com\/2011\/12\/kerwhizz-kapows-copyright-infringement.html\">such as both sets of characters having ethnic mixtures<\/a>, was enough to raise an inference of copying. This pushed the onus onto the BBC to prove independent creation.<\/p>\n<p>After accepting the BBC\u2019s evidence on the above as \u2018fair and truthful\u2019 so as to rule out conscious copying, the judge outlined three factors to determine subconscious copying had taken place. Considering the degree of familiarity, he pointed out that because he had accepted the BBC\u2019s evidence on independent creation as true, it was always possible to demonstrate subconscious influence, thus showing the \u201cslippery nature of the allegation of subconscious copying when combined with the reality of the web.\u201d In considering the character of the work, Judge Birss found the Bounch Bunch to be unoriginal, with generic functional features for ease of animation, rather than anything unique that could have been remembered and copied. Finally, the judge considered a long list of objective similarities, including the much-debated \u2018blonde quiff\u2019 on one of the characters in both sets, to be nothing more than \u2018mere coincidence,\u2019 pointing to several popular cartoon and comic characters as possible sources of inspiration for the Kerwhizz figures.<\/p>\n<p>While the judgment built on already established principles of copyright law, it seemed to have the paradoxical effect of failing to provide a clearer direction for future findings of subconscious copying. For now, it would seem, subconscious copying still remains <a href=\"http:\/\/www.johnhardcastle.co.uk\/2011\/12\/29\/copyright\/\">largely a question of the quality of evidence<\/a> at hand.<\/p>\n<p><em>Mekhala Chaubal is a JD candidate at Osgoode Hall Law School.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The complicated position that subconscious copying occupies when establishing reproduction and infringement in copyright law was recently highlighted in a key decision by the Patents County Court (PCC) of the UK. In Michael Mitchell v. BBC, Judge Birss\u2019s meticulous judgment focused on whether there existed the possibility of either conscious or subconscious infringement, the latter [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2140,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_kad_blocks_custom_css":"","_kad_blocks_head_custom_js":"","_kad_blocks_body_custom_js":"","_kad_blocks_footer_custom_js":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[65,1013,69,121,60,1102,1108],"tags":[284,1336,125,1337,1142,1338,1339],"class_list":["post-15349","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-copyright","category-feature-post","category-infringement-copyright-ip","category-internet","category-ip","category-uk","category-uk-jurisdiction","tag-access","tag-character-of-the-work","tag-copyright-infringement","tag-infringeme","tag-mekhala-chaubal-ipilogue-editor","tag-similarity","tag-subconscious-copying"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Kerwhizz v. 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