{"id":20458,"date":"2013-03-26T09:00:55","date_gmt":"2013-03-26T13:00:55","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.iposgoode.ca\/?p=20458"},"modified":"2013-03-26T09:00:55","modified_gmt":"2013-03-26T13:00:55","slug":"the-copyright-claws-come-out-in-eu-catwalk-photo-battle","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/osgoode\/iposgoode\/2013\/03\/26\/the-copyright-claws-come-out-in-eu-catwalk-photo-battle\/","title":{"rendered":"The copyright claws come out in EU catwalk photo battle"},"content":{"rendered":"

Tout arrive en France, especially for folks following\u00a0recent<\/a>\u00a0intellectual property\u00a0news<\/a>.\u00a0The European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) released a\u00a0key judgment<\/a>\u00a0in January in a case that pitted copyright against freedom of\u00a0expression.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Case Synopsis<\/strong><\/p>\n

Three fashion photographers were\u00a0assigned to photograph fashion shows in March 2003 by la\u00a0F\u00e9d\u00e9ration fran\u00e7aise<\/a>\u00a0de la couture<\/a>, a professional union established in 1968 by French fashion houses that oversees the taking and distribution of photographs from their runway shows.\u00a0The photographers put these photos up on a website of their choice, violating the image copyright held by la\u00a0F\u00e9d\u00e9ration.\u00a0The photographers argued to the ECHR that the copyright restrictions \u2013 and subsequent French court fines of \u20ac255,000 for violating these restrictions \u2013 infringed freedom of expression rights under Article 10 of the European\u00a0Convention<\/a>\u00a0of\u00a0Human Rights<\/a>.<\/p>\n

26. Les requ\u00e9rants soutiennent que des photographies de d\u00e9fil\u00e9s de mode constituent une \u00ab information \u00bb, et que leur diffusion sur un site Internet rel\u00e8ve de l\u2019exercice de la libert\u00e9 d\u2019expression m\u00eame si l\u2019objectif poursuivi est commercial. Ils ajoutent que les lourdes condamnations prononc\u00e9es contre eux caract\u00e9risent une ing\u00e9rence dans l\u2019exercice de cette libert\u00e9\u2026<\/em><\/p>\n

In my opinion, the ECHR handed down a fair and balanced judgment. It dismissed the appeal, discounting the expression argument because the photographs were used for a commercial nature unrelated to public debate. At the same time, however, the ECHR maintained that in cases where a public value is demonstrated, freedom of expression could trump copyright.<\/p>\n

32. Sur ce dernier point, le Gouvernement souligne que les Etats disposent d\u2019une marge d\u2019appr\u00e9ciation plus importante lorsqu\u2019il s\u2019agit de restreindre l\u2019expression sur un sujet qui ne rel\u00e8ve pas d\u2019un \u00ab d\u00e9bat d\u2019int\u00e9r\u00eat g\u00e9n\u00e9ral \u00bb.\u00a0Or, d\u2019une part, la m\u00e9diatisation et le caract\u00e8re public des d\u00e9fil\u00e9s de mode ne suffiraient pas \u00e0 en faire un sujet de cette nature. D\u2019autre part, les photographier ne reviendrait pas \u00e0 contribuer \u00e0 un d\u00e9bat de nature politique ou sociale ou \u00e0 mettre en cause une personnalit\u00e9 publique.<\/i>\u00a0Selon le Gouvernement, il n\u2019y aurait aucunement atteinte aux droits et libert\u00e9s fondamentaux de quiconque si de tels \u00e9v\u00e9nements devaient ne pas \u00eatre m\u00e9diatis\u00e9s. [Emphasis added]<\/p>\n

Wrote Professor\u00a0Dirk Voorhoof\u00a0<\/a>of Ghent University and\u00a0Inger H\u00f8edt-Rasmussen<\/a>\u00a0of Copenhagen Business School on the official\u00a0EHRC blog<\/a>,<\/p>\n

It is, in other words, no longer sufficient to justify a sanction or any other judicial order restricting one\u2019s artistic or journalistic freedom of expression on the basis that a copyright law provision has been infringed. Neither is it sufficient to consider that the unauthorised use, reproduction or public communication of a work cannot rely on one of the narrowly interpreted exceptions in the copyright law itself\u2026<\/em><\/p>\n

Additional background commentary in English is\u00a0here<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0here<\/a>.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Canadian Comparison<\/b><\/p>\n

There are two key distinguishing factors in the Canadian legal system that would impact how a similar case would play out domestically.<\/p>\n

First, there is uniqueness to our judicial infrastructure as compared to France.\u00a0Decisions of the highest domestic courts in each EU member country are subject to\u00a0application<\/a>\u00a0to the<\/a>\u00a0ECHR; EU laws and courts supersede French courts. In Canada, however, the decisions of the Supreme Court are subject to no further judicial review; case appeals \u2013 based on\u00a0Charter of Rights<\/a>\u00a0and Freedoms<\/a>\u00a0challenges or any other grounds \u2013 are firmly decided by our country\u2019s highest court. Any photographers levied a fine by the Supreme Court of Canada would not\u00a0have\u00a0the opportunity to appeal to a similar\u00a0multi-national human rights court.<\/p>\n

Secondly, our\u00a0Copyright<\/a>\u00a0Act<\/a>\u00a0would likely determine the matter in contract law, and in much the same way as did the French court. The Copyright Act section 13(1) gives the author of a work first ownership rights, unless section 13(3) is invoked, which emphasizes that work created under a contract so stipulating can remove first ownership from creators.<\/p>\n

Where the author of a work was in the employment of some other person under a contract of service or apprenticeship and the work was made in the course of his employment by that person, the person by whom the author was employed shall, in the absence of any agreement to the contrary, be the first owner of the copyright.\u00a0Under Canadian law, much of the result would depend on whether the specific facts militated towards an interpretation that the employment agreement was a contract of <\/strong>service or a contract for <\/strong>service.<\/p>\n

Section 13(3) only applies if the work was created under a contract of service (Massie & Renwick Ltd v Underwriters\u2019 Survey Bureau Ltd, 1940 SCC)<\/a><\/i>, not to independent contractors, who work under a contract for service (671122 Ontario Ltd v Sagaz Industries Canada Inc, 2001 SCC<\/a><\/i>). Factors to consider when evaluating the degree of independence of an employee include the creator\u2019s control over accomplishment of the task, the creator\u2019s ability to hire assistant staff, the system of compensation, or the amount of tools or materials provided by the creator (Community for Creative Non-Violence v Reid, 1989 US<\/a><\/i>).<\/p>\n

Certainly these creators would try to argue that a union photography contract isn\u2019t a contract of service or apprenticeship, but without an explicit agreement to the contrary, my opinion is that the argument would likely fail on the facts.<\/p>\n

The photographers had little leeway in terms of how to complete their task. They runway shows were predetermined and the photographers had to show up when and where the shows were happening. Their overall agency in the experience was minimal. Certainly the photographers by use of their own personal camera and positioning can impact the photographs, but within a much larger artistic experience dictated by others; the setting, the staging and the infrastructure of the showcases were not within the control of the photographers. Moreover, the photographers had no ability to engage in additional sub-contracting. The system of accreditation was tightly controlled, and far outside the photographers' control. Quite honestly, their role was to point and click.<\/p>\n

And generally speaking, the idea of claiming to be an independent contractor is antithetical to the notion of a union contract. The issue is where the contract sat on the spectrum of autonomy. Certainly a union contract by its very nature leans more toward the idea of employees and association as opposed to independent, solo contracting. A union photography job would, in my opinion, best be interpreted as a contract of service and the authors would consequently not own the copyright.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Conclusion<\/b><\/p>\n

Ultimately, I believe the content and balance of this decision is strong. Non-commercial freedom of expression is a right that should be interpreted widely.<\/p>\n

The EU multinational legal structure is an interesting scenario, but not one that I would choose for our continent. My skepticism of American juristic culture aside, a domestic court that factors in adverse systems of oppression unique to a country\u2019s borders and history while still following international human rights trends seems like the better balance.<\/p>\n

Denise Brunsdon is a JD\/MBA Candidate at Western University.<\/i><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Tout arrive en France, especially for folks following\u00a0recent\u00a0intellectual property\u00a0news.\u00a0The European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) released a\u00a0key judgment\u00a0in January in a case that pitted copyright against freedom of\u00a0expression.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2140,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_kad_blocks_custom_css":"","_kad_blocks_head_custom_js":"","_kad_blocks_body_custom_js":"","_kad_blocks_footer_custom_js":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[270,397,65,278,91,1086,1047,1058,1095,1097,69,60,176,1043,1],"tags":[1733],"class_list":["post-20458","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-commercialization","category-contracts","category-copyright","category-copyright-reform","category-design-2","category-european-union","category-fashion-industry","category-freedom-of-speech","category-human-rights-2","category-image","category-infringement-copyright-ip","category-ip","category-ownership","category-supreme-court-of-canada","category-uncategorized","tag-denise-brunsdon"],"yoast_head":"\nThe copyright claws come out in EU catwalk photo battle - 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