{"id":25462,"date":"2014-08-11T11:51:24","date_gmt":"2014-08-11T15:51:24","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.iposgoode.ca\/?p=25462"},"modified":"2014-08-11T11:51:24","modified_gmt":"2014-08-11T15:51:24","slug":"us-supreme-court-dials-up-privacy-rights-of-cell-phones-during-arrest","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/osgoode\/iposgoode\/2014\/08\/11\/us-supreme-court-dials-up-privacy-rights-of-cell-phones-during-arrest\/","title":{"rendered":"US Supreme Court Dials up Privacy Rights of Cell Phones During Arrest"},"content":{"rendered":"

Courts and privacy advocates across North America have long faced challenges in resolving the questions of whether police officers should be given the right to search the contents of cellphones of an arrestee and if yes, when and under what circumstances this should be permitted. The Supreme Court of the United States has taken the lead in addressing such concerns in a long awaited decision released on Wednesday, June 25th 2014.<\/a><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

The Supreme Court unanimously ruled that<\/a>\u00a0police should obtain a warrant before searching the cellphones of arrestees. This decision provides better protection of privacy rights of individuals against police power and misconduct.\u00a0The ruling combines two cases<\/a>: Riley v. California<\/em> and United States v. Wurie<\/em>, referring to the common question of whether or not police can search an arrestee\u2019s cellphone.<\/p>\n

<\/b><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

The protection of privacy and contemporaneous challenges<\/b><\/p>\n

The Fourth Amendment<\/a> to the United States Constitution prohibits unreasonable and illegal searches and seizures and states that warrants shall be issued only upon probable cause.\u00a0However, search incident to arrest is an exception to this rule, which allows search of an arrestee by police officers to protect their safety and prevent any destruction of evidence. In a leading decision,\u00a0United States v. Robinson<\/a><\/em>, the US Supreme court held that a full search of an arrestee upon a legal custodial search, without a warrant, is constitutional and in conformity with the Fourth Amendment. This search also extends to the immediate area under control of the arrestee. However, the scope of this search has long been subject to controversy and privacy advocates have called for new protective measures, as the advent of technology has given rise to an increase in violation of privacy rights. In this digital age, highly sensitive data are carried and stored in cellphones, tablets and laptops making such data prone to theft and illegal access.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

One major concern for privacy advocates is if private information stored in a cellphone should\u00a0be included in protection against unreasonable search and seizure\u00a0under privacy rights offered by the Fourth Amendment, and a warrant be required to access such information upon arrest of an individual? Cellphones and the data they contain, have long been subject to exception and have not been covered by the privacy protection of the Fourth Amendment. The rationale behind this exception is that a cellphone being in an immediate area under control of the arrestee allows police officers its search and seizure, just like a suitcase or a briefcase would be subject to such search and seizure. From this perspective the contents in a cellphone could be compared to the contents found in a briefcase under immediate control of the arrestee, making a cellphone no exception to the search incident to arrest principle. Police officers have continued to search and seize cellphones of arrestees based on this analogy and\u00a0the State of California and the Obama administration say,<\/a> \u201c cellphones should have no greater protection from a search than anything else police find\u201d.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

However, it is worthy of note that there is a significant difference between a suitcase and a cellphone and the type and sensitivity of contents that can be stored in each of these items. Cell phones or computers are sensitive mediums in which extremely private and highly sensitive information could be stored in very large amounts. Cell phones have a strikingly higher storage capacity as compared to other mediums such as briefcases, and the nature of the information that can be stored in them can vary. Privacy advocates have long battled to demonstrate such differences and have urged legislators to take measures in protecting private data found in cellphones and computers.\u00a0Chief Justice John Roberts states<\/a>\u00a0in the ruling: \u201cCellphones are powerful devices unlike anything else police may find on someone they arrest said for the court. Because the phones contain so much information, police must get a warrant before looking through them\u201d.\u00a0He also believes that<\/a>\u00a0\u201cModern cellphones are not just another technological convenience. With all they contain and all they may reveal, they hold for many Americans the privacies of life\u201d.\u00a0Justice Alito states in the ruling<\/a> \u201cMany cell phones now in use are capable of storing and accessing a quantity of information, some highly personal, that no person would ever have had on his person in hard-copy form. This calls for a new balancing of law enforcement and privacy interests. \u201c<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Courts in Canada are also facing challenges<\/a> in addressing concerns about search and seizure of cellphones and the digital data contained in them, upon arrest of individuals by police.\u00a0Privacy advocates in Canada, have also emphasized the differences\u00a0in the\u00a0sensitivity of private data stored in cellphones compared to information stored as hard-copy or other formats, and have urged legislators to take adequate measures in protecting such data.\u00a0Peter Wilson, a Canadian lawyer, believes that<\/a>\u00a0\u201cSmartphones are potentially repositories of vast amounts of personal information\u201d. He adds \u201cThe privacy interests that are engaged with these kinds of devices are markedly different from the privacy interests in other receptacles.\u201d<\/p>\n

Wilson, along with other privacy advocates, believes that due to the significant privacy interests at stake, police officers have to go further and obtain a warrant if they want to do the full forensic analysis of devices such as cellphones and computers.\u00a0There are definitely less intrusive, alternative measures that can be taken to prevent destruction of evidence rather than searching private data in a cellphone, unreasonably and needlessly, without a warrant.\u00a0Chief Justice John Roberts believes that<\/a> \u201cAuthorities concerned about the destruction of evidence can take steps to prevent<\/a> the remote erasure of a phone\u2019s contents or the activation of encryption\u201d.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Extensive privacy protection and more stringent police power<\/b><\/p>\n

The US Supreme Court\u2019s decision prohibiting police from searching an arrestee\u2019s cellphone without a warrant also protects the rights of an accused against illegally obtained evidence and police misconduct. Moreover, this decision reinforces an individual\u2019s privacy against police intrusion and it defines police power in accordance with the privacy requirements of the new technological era. Before this decision, suspects could risk conviction if their personal data (such as text messages, photos, etc.) obtained from their cellphones would link them to the crimes they were accused of<\/a>. This phenomenon used to take place in violation of privacy and defense rights of an accused. However, now arrestees can benefit from more extensive rights once again as this decision limits illegally obtained evidence by requiring a search warrant before searching cellphones upon arrest.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

The Supreme Court\u2019s decision states that the warrant requirement is waved<\/a> in situations where officers reasonably believe there is a risk to their safety or the lives of other individuals. This exception allows protection of the police and public when required.\u00a0Justice Roberts states<\/a>, \u201cDigital data stored on a cell phone cannot itself be used as a weapon to harm an arresting officer or to effectuate the arrestee\u2019s escape. Officers may examine the phone\u2019s physical aspects to ensure that it will not be used as a weapon, but the data on the phone can endanger no one\u201d.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

The US Supreme Court\u2019s revolutionary decision enhances and protects privacy rights all across the county. It can be served as a role model for legislators in other jurisdictions, to take measures in providing better protection to individuals in regards to their private information, in conformity with the requirements of the digital age. This ruling balances the interests of public safety with the protection of private digital information, according to the norms of the 21st century.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Sophia Qureshi\u00a0is an IPilogue Editor and an LLM Candidate at Osgoode Hall Law School.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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