{"id":27497,"date":"2015-07-21T08:06:51","date_gmt":"2015-07-21T12:06:51","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.iposgoode.ca\/?p=27497"},"modified":"2015-07-21T08:06:51","modified_gmt":"2015-07-21T12:06:51","slug":"united-we-play-or-united-we-sue-away-the-copyrightability-of-sports-moves","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/osgoode\/iposgoode\/2015\/07\/21\/united-we-play-or-united-we-sue-away-the-copyrightability-of-sports-moves\/","title":{"rendered":"\u2018United We Play\u2019 or \u2018United We Sue Away\u2019? The Copyrightability of Sports Moves"},"content":{"rendered":"

With the Pan Am and Parapan Am Games (the \u201cGames\u201d) upon us, IP enthusiasts are eagerly debating the issues surrounding the Games with respect\u00a0to \u2013 well, IP law. One of the many debates permeating\u00a0conversations is\u00a0whether athletes can protect sports moves as intellectual property. For example, can a swimmer\u00a0copyright a secret\u00a0way of pulling their\u00a0arms through water<\/a>? Can a coach protect an\u00a0unbeatable team formation in field hockey? Can a gymnast lay claim over a\u00a0flawless rhythmic routine?<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

As is the case with many questions of legality, the typical answer to each of the above questions is: \u201cit depends\u201d. Section 5 of Canada\u2019s Copyright Act<\/em><\/a> (the \u201cAct<\/em>\u201d) stipulates that copyright persists in \u201cevery original literary, dramatic, musical and artistic work\u201d. Dramatic work is defined as \u201cany piece of recitation, choreographic work or mime, the scenic arrangement or acting form\u201d. Arguably, some sports moves could be characterized as a choreographic work. For example, although the World Wrestling Federation has not claimed copyright protection over its wrestling matches, a reported scandalous leaked script<\/a> last year suggests that the shows are in fact choreographed.<\/p>\n

In 1991, in the case of FWS Joint Sports Claimants v Canada (Copyright Board)<\/em>\u00a0(\u201cFWS Joint Sports<\/em>\u201d)[1<\/a>], the Federal Court of Appeal had to decide whether a decision by the Copyright Board to deny copyright over a football play was valid. The FWS argued that copyright protection should persist, however, the Board was of the view that, unlike dance, a sporting event is for the most part a random series of events. The Federal Court of Appeal agreed with the Board. The Court stated that a mere spectacle is not sufficient to attract copyright protection because it is inconsistent with the concept of choreography: \u201cwhat transpires on the field is usually not what is planned, but something that is totally unpredictable.\u201d The\u00a0Court elaborated by explaining that ballet choreography is copyrightable, stating that \"[n]o one bets on the outcome of a performance of Swan Lake\", as the\u00a0choreography is set and the performance is highly predictable. In the same decision, the Court also held that playbooks or game plans could be protected by copyright. Essentially, the decision suggests\u00a0that scripted moves are\u00a0protected under the Act<\/em>.\u00a0However, in another interesting case, a U.S. court determined that the sequenced combination of yoga moves<\/a> by yoga guru Bikram Choudhury were\u00a0not copyrightable. These cases cause controversy<\/a> and ultimately raise the following question: What exactly amounts to \u2018choreography\u2019 under the Act<\/em>?<\/p>\n

Looking at the array of Pan Am and Parapan Am sports<\/a>, it is apparent that some are more likely to attract copyright protection than others. Beach volleyball, wheelchair Rugby or water polo are unlikely to\u00a0find\u00a0protection from\u00a0the Act<\/em> even if a team's coaches and athletes meticulously scripted and recorded some of the main moves for the Games since the presence of direct opponents would inject significant unpredictability to\u00a0matches. Copyrightability aside, this unpredictability is what makes sports so exciting, it keeps fans glued to the TV screen and live observers gripping the edge of their seats.<\/p>\n

Other sports are more choreographed and give the athlete greater control over his or her moves. Arguably, equestrian and gymnastics involve more\u00a0choreography than a scripted event like wrestling. Therefore, Canadian gymnast Hugh Smith<\/a> and equestrian Jessica Phoenix<\/a>\u00a0may technically protect their routine under the Act. <\/em>However, aside from being a copyrightable subject matter, the work in question also has to be \u2018original\u2019. In Canada, to qualify as being \u2018original\u2019, the work must have been independently created by the author, who had to use some skills and judgment when executing the work, as set out in in CCH Canadian Ltd v Law Society of Upper Canada<\/a><\/em>. It is unlikely that\u00a0Hugh Smith and Jessica Phoenix invented the moves in their routine. Rather, they likely borrowed and built on proven moves\u00a0used by\u00a0other athletes, who themselves borrowed from their predecessors,\u00a0and so on.<\/p>\n

Given the strict criteria a work has to meet to qualify as a copyrightable work under the\u00a0Act<\/em>, it is unlikely that any of the Games' athletes will try to classify\u00a0their glorious sports moves as intellectual property at this juncture. Hopefully, in keeping with the Games' motto - 'United We Play', all Pan Am and Parapan Am battles will be fought on the fields,\u00a0pools and tracks rather than in the court room.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Gosia Piasecka\u00a0is an\u00a0IPilogue Editor and a JD candidate at\u00a0Thompson Rivers University Faculty of Law.<\/em><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\n

 <\/p>\n

[1] 1991 CarswellNat 157, [1992] 1 F.C. 487.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

With the Pan Am and Parapan Am Games (the \u201cGames\u201d) upon us, IP enthusiasts are eagerly debating the issues surrounding the Games with respect\u00a0to \u2013 well, IP law. One of the many debates permeating\u00a0conversations is\u00a0whether athletes can protect sports moves as intellectual property. For example, can a swimmer\u00a0copyright a secret\u00a0way of pulling their\u00a0arms through water? […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2140,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_kad_blocks_custom_css":"","_kad_blocks_head_custom_js":"","_kad_blocks_body_custom_js":"","_kad_blocks_footer_custom_js":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[3,1106,65,60,272],"tags":[2631,27,294,2618,2632],"class_list":["post-27497","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-blogs","category-canada","category-copyright","category-ip","category-originality","tag-amateur-athletes","tag-copyright","tag-copyright-board","tag-gosia-piasecka","tag-pan-amparapan-am-games"],"yoast_head":"\n\u2018United We Play\u2019 or \u2018United We Sue Away\u2019? 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