{"id":29344,"date":"2016-06-20T17:18:07","date_gmt":"2016-06-20T21:18:07","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.iposgoode.ca\/?p=29344"},"modified":"2016-06-20T17:18:07","modified_gmt":"2016-06-20T21:18:07","slug":"is-this-what-it-sounds-like-when-doves-cry-the-prince-act-and-canadian-privacy-law","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/osgoode\/iposgoode\/2016\/06\/20\/is-this-what-it-sounds-like-when-doves-cry-the-prince-act-and-canadian-privacy-law\/","title":{"rendered":"Is This What it Sounds Like when Doves Cry: The PRINCE Act and Canadian Privacy Law"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>The once proposed <a href=\"https:\/\/www.revisor.mn.gov\/bills\/text.php?number=SF3609&amp;session=ls89&amp;session_year=2016&amp;session_number=0&amp;version=latest\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><em>PRINCE Act<\/em><\/a> [the Act] has now been set aside after being rushed through the Minnesota state senate. The <em>Act<\/em> sought to create a new property right in a person\u2019s persona. Canada and the United States both recognize and protect personality rights through similar common law torts. The US appears to also seek codification of such rights while most Canadian jurisdictions continue to rely on the common law. Nonetheless, it is evident that both countries are unequivocal in their recognition and protection of an individual\u2019s right to control, market and profit from the use of aspects of their personality or likeness.<\/p>\n<p><!--more--><\/p>\n<p><strong>Its Purpose<\/strong><strong> is the Protection of Personality Rights<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The <em>Act<\/em> was first introduced to the Minnesota Senate in the wake of the death of world-famous musician and Minneapolis native Prince, who died unexpectedly and without a will. The <em>PRINCE Act<\/em>, as reported, is short for <a href=\"http:\/\/www.thecurrent.org\/feature\/2016\/05\/09\/prince-minnesota-legislature?WT.mc_id=952f7cbbc1d00db5180bab803adf3ca0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Personal Rights in Names Can Endure Law<\/a>, had its introduction and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.revisor.mn.gov\/bills\/bill.php?b=senate&amp;f=SF3609&amp;ssn=0&amp;y=2016\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">first reading<\/a> on May 9<sup>th<\/sup>, 2016. The <em>Act <\/em>reportedly required <a href=\"http:\/\/www.thecurrent.org\/feature\/2016\/05\/09\/prince-minnesota-legislature?WT.mc_id=952f7cbbc1d00db5180bab803adf3ca0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">special clearance<\/a> to proceed quickly through the reading but failed to pass before the end of the legislature\u2019s session.<\/p>\n<p>The <em>Act<\/em> provided a potential plaintiff with a claim for <a href=\"https:\/\/www.revisor.mn.gov\/bills\/text.php?number=SF3609&amp;version=1&amp;session=ls89&amp;session_year=2016&amp;session_number=0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">commercial appropriation<\/a> by recognizing \u201ca property right in a person\u2019s name, voice, signature, photograph, or likeness [\u201cPersonality Property Rights\u201d].\u201d \u00a0Not only did the <em>Act <\/em>provide exclusive rights to the individual during their lifetime, it proposed the protection of those rights for a minimum of 50 years after death. After death, the rights would be transferred to an executor, administrator or heir, who would maintain ownership of the right until a successful claim of non-use for commercial purpose was made.<\/p>\n<p>The <em>Act<\/em> would prohibit the unauthorised use of a persons\u2019 protected personality property for commercial gain and provides a variety of remedies from an injunction to damages. Fair use, however, remains an important limitation. The limitation for fair use is a mirror of Title 17 of the United States Code: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.law.cornell.edu\/uscode\/text\/17\/107\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">s. 107 \u2013 Limitations on exclusive rights: Fair use<\/a>. As a result, any of the protected property types with connections with the news, public affairs or sports broadcast would be deemed fair use and therefore permissible under the act.<\/p>\n<p><strong>How does it compare to Canadian Law?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Currently, there are four Canadian common law provincial jurisdictions with <a href=\"http:\/\/ir.lib.uwo.ca\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=1007&amp;context=uwojls\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Privacy Acts<\/a>\u2014British Columbia, Manitoba, Newfoundland, Saskatchewan\u2014that provide a cause of action for the unauthorized appropriation of another\u2019s personality. In jurisdictions without a written statute, the common law tort for wrongful <a href=\"http:\/\/www.canlii.org\/en\/on\/onca\/doc\/1973\/1973canlii574\/1973canlii574.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">appropriation of personality<\/a> is used to protect proprietary rights similar to those that would be protected under the <em>PRINCE Act <\/em>had it been passed.\u00a0 The tort prohibits the <a href=\"http:\/\/www.canlii.org\/en\/on\/onsc\/doc\/1977\/1977canlii1255\/1977canlii1255.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">commercial exploitation<\/a> of another\u2019s name or likeness without permission. Although there is some uncertainty as to how far the tort extends, Canadian <a href=\"http:\/\/www.canlii.org\/en\/on\/onsc\/doc\/1977\/1977canlii1255\/1977canlii1255.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">jurisprudence <\/a>suggests that it covers at least the use of another\u2019s personality, image and name. A successful plaintiff must prove the defendant <a href=\"http:\/\/www.canlii.org\/en\/on\/onsc\/doc\/1977\/1977canlii1255\/1977canlii1255.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">intentionally appropriated <\/a>\u00a0their personality for commercial gain.<\/p>\n<p>Notably, Canadian common law also protects one\u2019s exclusive right to market his\/her own personality. A plaintiff can recover damages resulting from an infringement, even without proving intentional appropriation for commercial gain.<\/p>\n<p>Similar to the proposed <em>PRINCE Act<\/em>, the tort of misappropriation of personality has built within it a public interest limitation. In <a href=\"http:\/\/www.canlii.org\/en\/on\/onsc\/doc\/1996\/1996canlii8209\/1996canlii8209.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><em>Gould Estate v. Stoddart Publishing Co.<\/em><\/a> [<em>Gould Estate<\/em>] the plaintiff\u2019s appropriation of personality action failed because the court deemed the impugned use of Glenn Gould\u2019s photographs and interview material as a permissible use in the interest of the Canadian public. Consequently, it appears that thoughts, ideas, newsworthy events and matters of public interest are exempt from the tort of misappropriation of personality.<\/p>\n<p>The Canadian common law and the <em>PRINCE Act<\/em> diverge on the topic of posthumous protection. The <a href=\"http:\/\/ir.lib.uwo.ca\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=1007&amp;context=uwojls\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Privacy Acts<\/a> of British Columbia, Newfoundland and Saskatchewan provide that the common law protections on personality rights extinguish upon the death of the person holding those rights (Manitoba's <a href=\"http:\/\/ir.lib.uwo.ca\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=1007&amp;context=uwojls\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">statute<\/a>, however, lacks such a provision). Despite three of four provincial acts prohibiting the survivability of the right, in <a href=\"http:\/\/www.canlii.org\/en\/on\/onsc\/doc\/1996\/1996canlii8209\/1996canlii8209.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><em>Gould Estate<\/em><\/a> the Ontario Court of Justice held that such an intangible proprietary right was akin to copyright and therefore should be devisable to heirs. The decision was later <a href=\"http:\/\/www.canlii.org\/en\/on\/onca\/doc\/1998\/1998canlii5513\/1998canlii5513.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">appealed and upheld<\/a>, albeit on different grounds. As a result, there is still much confusion as to whether the proprietary rights protected by the tort of appropriation of personality are indeed devisable and, if so, how long after death the rights\u00a0would survive.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Difficulties ahead<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>It is unclear how broad in scope the fair use exemptions with be under the\u00a0<em>PRINCE<\/em> <em>Act<\/em>, if it is eventually passed. The courts may gradually carve out its scope on a case-by-case basis. The\u00a0definition of fair use in the <em>PRINCE Act<\/em> and the public interest limitation in Canadian common law seem to protect altruistic uses in which the object is to provide the public with information. It will be particularly interesting to see how the court handles situations in which such altruistic pursuits lead to material commercial gain by another.<\/p>\n<p><em>Olivia McKenzie\u00a0is an IPilogue Editor and a JD candidate at Osgoode Hall Law School.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The once proposed PRINCE Act [the Act] has now been set aside after being rushed through the Minnesota state senate. The Act sought to create a new property right in a person\u2019s persona. Canada and the United States both recognize and protect personality rights through similar common law torts. The US appears to also seek [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2140,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_kad_blocks_custom_css":"","_kad_blocks_head_custom_js":"","_kad_blocks_body_custom_js":"","_kad_blocks_footer_custom_js":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[112,176,110,143],"tags":[2023,2820,1326,298],"class_list":["post-29344","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-music-industry","category-ownership","category-privacy","category-us","tag-legislation","tag-olivia-mckenzie","tag-prince","tag-privacy"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Is This What it Sounds Like when Doves Cry: The PRINCE Act and Canadian Privacy Law - IPOsgoode<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/osgoode\/iposgoode\/2016\/06\/20\/is-this-what-it-sounds-like-when-doves-cry-the-prince-act-and-canadian-privacy-law\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Is This What it Sounds Like when Doves Cry: The PRINCE Act and Canadian Privacy Law - IPOsgoode\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"The once proposed PRINCE Act [the Act] has now been set aside after being rushed through the Minnesota state senate. 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