{"id":36026,"date":"2020-10-28T10:02:32","date_gmt":"2020-10-28T14:02:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.iposgoode.ca\/?p=36026"},"modified":"2020-10-28T10:02:32","modified_gmt":"2020-10-28T14:02:32","slug":"forget-ghosts-goblins-and-ghouls-watch-out-for-patents-copyrights-and-trademarks-this-halloween","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/osgoode\/iposgoode\/2020\/10\/28\/forget-ghosts-goblins-and-ghouls-watch-out-for-patents-copyrights-and-trademarks-this-halloween\/","title":{"rendered":"Forget Ghosts, Goblins and Ghouls, Watch out for Patents, Copyrights and Trademarks this Halloween"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Double, double, toil and trouble. The Halloween season is upon us. Pumpkins, skeletons, witches and ghouls have filled the streets, while candy has filled the grocery stores. While collecting your treats, don\u2019t be tricked by the intellectual property behind all the Halloween fun. From costumes to candy, there is a lot of legal hocus pocus that goes into the Halloween we love today.<\/p>\n

Beware of the copyright <\/strong><\/p>\n

Generally, Halloween costumes are not protected by copyright as articles that serve a utilitarian function (i.e. clothing) are not eligible for protection when produced in quantities greater than fifty. However, not all aspects of a costume qualify as useful. For instance, masks are not considered to serve a utilitarian function and can indeed be protected by copyright in the United States. Masquerade Novelty v. Unique Industries<\/em><\/a> held that nose masks were not useful articles, and thus entitled to copyright protection. While there may not be an equivalent Canadian case regarding novelty masks, Pyrrha Designs Inc v 623735 Saskatchewan Ltd.<\/a> (c.o.b. SpareParts)<\/em>, a jewellery case, stated that \u201c[i]t is not enough to hold without evidence that because jewellery is worn it is ipso facto useful.\u201d This would suggest that the mere fact that something is worn, such as a mask, would also not be automatically considered useful and could be protected by copyright.<\/p>\n

More recently, in Star Athletica, LLC v. Varsity Brands, Inc.<\/em><\/a> the United States Supreme Court held that \u201cthe design of a useful article is eligible for copyright protection\u2026 if the feature (1) can be perceived as a two- or three- dimensional work of art separate from the useful article, and (2) would qualify as protectable pictorial, graphic or sculptural work \u2013 either on its own or fixed in some other tangible medium of expression \u2013 if it were imagined separately from the useful article into which it is incorporated\u201d. The Supreme Court determined that the design on the cheerleading uniform could be protected by copyright as separate from the clothing itself. This could have wide-reaching implications beyond Halloween costumes, as it would be beneficial to the fashion industry\u2019s war against knockoffs.<\/p>\n

Although this was a US decision, it helps to shed light on the potential scope of fashion copyright infringement. The protection of a design, be it fashion or Halloween costume, would extend protection beyond masks and jewellery. A specific design of colours and shapes, such as those on Varsity Brands cheerleading uniforms, are now eligible for protection. This would mean United States fashion designers could apply for copyright protection on stripes, buckles and many other artistic combinations.\u00a0<\/p>\n

Under section 29.22(1)(e) of the Canadian Copyright Act<\/em><\/a>, it is not an infringement of copyright for an individual private use. While big box stores selling Marvel superhero costumes likely have a licence to do so, those putting together their costume at home need not worry. There is no need to fear the legal boogeyman, your homemade Halloween costume is unlikely to land you in a courtroom.<\/p>\n

Spooktacular patents<\/strong><\/p>\n

There are a number of Canadian patents covering all aspects of Halloween. The Evil Eye (Patent 2440684<\/a>) is a Halloween mask that has voice activated light-up eyes. There are even patents on your trick-or-treat bags! Patent 2335455<\/a> is a trick-or-treat bag with a light in the handle. The Halloween Bag with Pop-Up Surprise<\/a> is another fun trick-or-treat patent to give unwary parents a trick in exchange for their treats. Even jack-o-lanterns are covered with the Pumpkin D\u00e9cor Kit<\/a> to make sure they are displayed for optimal spookiness. This year when you\u2019re out collecting candy, take a second to look at all the inventive genius that has gone into Halloween over the years.\u00a0<\/p>\n

Candy\u2122 <\/strong><\/p>\n

In 2019, Statistics Canada<\/a> estimated there were 4 million children of trick-or-treating age (5 \u2013 14 years old). With all those candy-hungry children, it\u2019s no surprise that revenue from \u00a0Halloween candy was $613.2 million<\/a>. With so much at stake, candy makers are eager to protect their money-making trademarks. Most, if not all, of the candies you know and love are protected by trademark law. The classic love-it or hate-it candy corn<\/a> is protected by trademark. Hershey\u2019s Chocolate has numerous trademarks, such as the classic Hershey\u2019s Kiss<\/a> or the Sealed with a Hershey\u2019s Kiss<\/a> phrase. In fact, even the iconic shape<\/a> of Hershey\u2019s Kisses are protected!<\/p>\n

Hershey and Mars are two of the big players on Halloween night. However, when kids are sorting through their piles of candy, little do they know of the battle that has raged between these two candy empires. In 2015 Mars and Hershey settled their US case regarding Mars\u2019 Maltesers and Hershey\u2019s Whoppers<\/a>. This isn\u2019t the first time that Hershey and Mars have been at odds. In 1998, Hershey\u2019s claim<\/a> that Mars infringed upon the trade dress of their Reese\u2019s Peanut Butter Cups was dismissed. Understandably, Hershey is very protective of their peanut butter cups, and again filed suit against Mars for trademark infringement, but dropped the suit in 2011.<\/a><\/p>\n

So next time you hear someone say Halloween was \u201cinvented\u201d by the candy companies you can say, actually, Halloween was perfected by lawyers!<\/p>\n

Written by Maddie Lynch. Maddie is a second year JD candidate at Osgoode Hall Law School. She is a contributing IPilogue editor, Intellectual Property Journal editor and IP Innovation Clinic Fellow.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":2140,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_kad_blocks_custom_css":"","_kad_blocks_head_custom_js":"","_kad_blocks_body_custom_js":"","_kad_blocks_footer_custom_js":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[3,60],"tags":[2430,2403,27,3465,1876,3466,56],"class_list":["post-36026","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-blogs","category-ip","tag-blog","tag-candy","tag-copyright","tag-costumes","tag-halloween","tag-maddie-lynch","tag-trademarks"],"yoast_head":"\nForget Ghosts, Goblins and Ghouls, Watch out for Patents, Copyrights and Trademarks this Halloween - IPOsgoode<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" 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