{"id":37840,"date":"2021-07-19T09:00:00","date_gmt":"2021-07-19T13:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.iposgoode.ca\/?p=37840"},"modified":"2021-07-19T09:00:00","modified_gmt":"2021-07-19T13:00:00","slug":"historical-fake-news-winkler-v-hendley","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/osgoode\/iposgoode\/2021\/07\/19\/historical-fake-news-winkler-v-hendley\/","title":{"rendered":"Historical Fake News?: Winkler v Hendley"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p style=\"text-align: left\"><em><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-37841 size-full aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.iposgoode.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/shawn-post.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"468\" height=\"312\" \/><\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><em>Photo<\/em><em> Credits: <a href=\"https:\/\/unsplash.com\/photos\/9BoqXzEeQqM\">Tom Hermans<\/a> (Unsplash)<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-37222 alignleft\" src=\"https:\/\/www.iposgoode.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Shawn-Dhue-225x300.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"56\" height=\"75\" \/>Shawn Dhue is an IPilogue Writer and a 2L JD Candidate at Osgoode Hall Law School.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>The <a href=\"https:\/\/decisions.fct-cf.gc.ca\/fc-cf\/decisions\/en\/item\/497804\/index.do\"><em>Winkler v Hendley<\/em>, 2021 FC 498<\/a> (\u201c<em>Winkler<\/em>\u201d) decision evokes the image at the beginning of a movie that states \u201cBased on a true story\u2026.\u201d Directors tend to state this at the beginning of a film to authenticate it. However, it is hard to imagine a director ever regretting this statement after the movie\u2019s release. The late <a href=\"https:\/\/www.darlingterracepublishing.com\/thomas-patrick-kelley.html\">Thomas P. Kelly<\/a>, one of Canada\u2019s most famous true crime authors, perhaps would have felt some regret after the outcome of <em>Winkler<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p>In <em>Winkler<\/em>, the Federal Court of Canada looked at the infamous <a href=\"https:\/\/www.canadianmysteries.ca\/sites\/donnellys\/home\/indexen.html\">Donnelly family<\/a> of Lacun, Ontario. The eight-membered family is known for winning \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.ca\/books?id=eJkIAAAACAAJ&amp;source=gbs_book_other_versions\">a pitched street battle against eighteen townspeople intent on revenge<\/a>.\u201d Or did they win? Was it eight on eighteen? Did they ever actually fight? Justice McHaffie decided that none of the answers to those questions matter. The Court reaffirmed the almost century-old principle that copyright protection does not apply to facts (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.canlii.org\/en\/on\/onca\/doc\/1931\/1931canlii157\/1931canlii157.html\"><em>Deeks v Wells<\/em>, [1931] OR 818, 1931 CanLII 157 (CA)<\/a>), but with a twist. Justice McHaffie stated: \u201can author who publishes <em>what is said to be a nonfiction historical account<\/em> cannot later claim the account is actually fictional <em>to avoid the principle that there is no copyright in facts<\/em>\u201d [emphasis added].<\/p>\n<p>In 2004, Nate Hendley and James Lorimer &amp; Company Ltd, the defendants, released <a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.ca\/books\/about\/The_Black_Donnellys.html?id=QivmAAAACAAJ&amp;source=kp_book_description&amp;redir_esc=y\"><em>The Black Donnellys: The Outrageous Tale of Canada\u2019s Deadliest Feud<\/em><\/a>. The book recounted the history of the Donnelly family and the defendants admitted to having used Kelley\u2019s books, <a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.ca\/books?id=eJkIAAAACAAJ&amp;source=gbs_book_other_versions\"><em>The Black Donnellys<\/em><\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.ca\/books\/edition\/Vengeance_of_the_Black_Donnellys\/-bEDAAAACAAJ?hl=en\"><em>Vengeance of the Black Donnellys<\/em><\/a>, as supporting sources. However, the plaintiffs, John Winkler and the estate of Theresia Winkler by her estate trustee, John Winkler, claimed that the books were very much fiction or mistaken. They believe then that the books are copyright-protected material. The plaintiffs' expert evidence states that <em>The Black Donnellys<\/em> is actually \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/decisions.fct-cf.gc.ca\/fc-cf\/decisions\/en\/item\/497804\/index.do\">almost two-thirds fiction<\/a>\u201d and mistaken.<\/p>\n<p>The <a href=\"https:\/\/laws-lois.justice.gc.ca\/eng\/acts\/c-42\/\"><em>Copyright Act<\/em><\/a> allows someone to protect works of nonfiction or fiction by way of copyright: \u201ccopyright protection does not extend to \u2018facts or ideas\u2019 but to the original \u2018expression of ideas\u2019\u201d (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.canlii.org\/en\/ca\/scc\/doc\/2004\/2004scc13\/2004scc13.html\"><em>CCH Canadian Ltd v Law Society of Upper Canada<\/em>, [2004] 1 SCR 339, 2004 SCC 13 at paras 8, 14\u201315, 22<\/a>; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.canlii.org\/en\/ca\/fct\/doc\/1998\/1998canlii9115\/1998canlii9115.html\"><em>Hager v ECW Press Ltd<\/em>, [1999] 2 FC 287 (TD) at para 44<\/a>; <a href=\"https:\/\/decisions.fct-cf.gc.ca\/fc-cf\/decisions\/en\/item\/144106\/index.do\"><em>Maltz v Witterick<\/em>, 2016 FC 524<\/a>). Nevertheless, the crucial point of <em>Winkler<\/em> is not the fact (pun not intended) that the books were fiction, but that Kelly classified his books as works of historical nonfiction. In other words, a person cannot claim what they are saying is factual and later retract their claim to reap the benefits of copyright.<\/p>\n<p>This decision protects individuals from being misled by effective marketing. Nevertheless, Justice McHaffie also rooted his judgment in the longstanding public interest policy of the non-protection of facts. Canadian researcher and law professor, <a href=\"https:\/\/commonlaw.uottawa.ca\/en\/people\/scassa-teresa\">Teresa Scassa<\/a>, turns to Justice Orde in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.canlii.org\/en\/on\/onca\/doc\/1931\/1931canlii157\/1931canlii157.html\"><em>Deeks v Wells<\/em><\/a> to explain this notion. Scassa states that facts and information put forth as the truth should be available to the public to be \u201ctested, challenged, verified, or disproved\u201d. This notion is worth promoting, as society needs to test facts and information to progress and evolve.<\/p>\n<p>While this may be new ground in Canada, the UK decision of <a href=\"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/rpc\/article-abstract\/97\/7\/193\/1609821?redirectedFrom=fulltext\"><em>Ravenscroft v Herbert <\/em>[1980] RPC 193<\/a> concluded similarly to the Federal Court\u2019s decision in <em>Winkler<\/em> and also reflected Scassa\u2019s notion. In this case, the defendant\u2019s fiction novel substantially copied the plaintiff\u2019s work of historical non-fiction. In his decision, Brightman J stated:<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>\u201cThe author of a historical work must, I think, have attributed to him an intention that the information thereby imparted may be used by the reader, because <em>knowledge would become sterile if it could not be applied<\/em>. Therefore, it seems to me to be reasonable to suppose that the <em>law of copyright will allow a wider use to be made of a historical work<\/em> than a novel <em>so that knowledge can be built upon knowledge<\/em>\u201d [emphasis added].<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>However, the judge ruled against the defendant, as the infringement was flagrant and exceptional. The defendant admitted to at least fifty instances of deliberately copying the language used and historical characters and significant events. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/272813821_%27A_decadent_appetite_for_the_lurid%27_James_Herbert_The_Spear_and_%27Nazi_Gothic%27\">In the end, the defendant refused to pay the damages and removed the infringing instances<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>The <em>Winkler<\/em> decision comes out at a time when society is dealing with what one would call \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/guides.lib.umich.edu\/fakenews\">fake news<\/a>.\u201d The Court made a critical decision to warn writers and artists alike that the law will not allow the industry to profit from false information passed off as facts. The decision comes at a time in history when anyone, including politicians and spokespeople can disseminate information on topics such as human rights, COVID-19, and other vital discussions. As of now, the plaintiffs have not indicated any plan to appeal the decision in <em>Winkler<\/em>. What is clear is that the courts will try to protect the public from the spread of fake news. <\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":2140,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_kad_blocks_custom_css":"","_kad_blocks_head_custom_js":"","_kad_blocks_body_custom_js":"","_kad_blocks_footer_custom_js":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[65],"tags":[27,3908,3809,1305,3768,3909],"class_list":["post-37840","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-copyright","tag-copyright","tag-facts","tag-fake-news","tag-federal-court","tag-shawn-dhue","tag-winkler-v-hendley"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Historical Fake News?: Winkler v Hendley - IPOsgoode<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/osgoode\/iposgoode\/2021\/07\/19\/historical-fake-news-winkler-v-hendley\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Historical Fake News?: Winkler v Hendley - IPOsgoode\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/osgoode\/iposgoode\/2021\/07\/19\/historical-fake-news-winkler-v-hendley\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"IPOsgoode\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2021-07-19T13:00:00+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.iposgoode.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/shawn-post.jpg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"ccraig\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"ccraig\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"4 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.yorku.ca\\\/osgoode\\\/iposgoode\\\/2021\\\/07\\\/19\\\/historical-fake-news-winkler-v-hendley\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.yorku.ca\\\/osgoode\\\/iposgoode\\\/2021\\\/07\\\/19\\\/historical-fake-news-winkler-v-hendley\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"ccraig\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.yorku.ca\\\/osgoode\\\/iposgoode\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/09b0ef7189d5a2bd6fef2472e5ea5b94\"},\"headline\":\"Historical Fake News?: Winkler v Hendley\",\"datePublished\":\"2021-07-19T13:00:00+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.yorku.ca\\\/osgoode\\\/iposgoode\\\/2021\\\/07\\\/19\\\/historical-fake-news-winkler-v-hendley\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":824,\"commentCount\":1,\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.yorku.ca\\\/osgoode\\\/iposgoode\\\/2021\\\/07\\\/19\\\/historical-fake-news-winkler-v-hendley\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.iposgoode.ca\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2021\\\/07\\\/shawn-post.jpg\",\"keywords\":[\"copyright\",\"facts\",\"fake news\",\"Federal Court\",\"Shawn Dhue\",\"Winkler v Hendley\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Copyright\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-CA\"},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.yorku.ca\\\/osgoode\\\/iposgoode\\\/2021\\\/07\\\/19\\\/historical-fake-news-winkler-v-hendley\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.yorku.ca\\\/osgoode\\\/iposgoode\\\/2021\\\/07\\\/19\\\/historical-fake-news-winkler-v-hendley\\\/\",\"name\":\"Historical Fake News?: Winkler v Hendley - IPOsgoode\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.yorku.ca\\\/osgoode\\\/iposgoode\\\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.yorku.ca\\\/osgoode\\\/iposgoode\\\/2021\\\/07\\\/19\\\/historical-fake-news-winkler-v-hendley\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.yorku.ca\\\/osgoode\\\/iposgoode\\\/2021\\\/07\\\/19\\\/historical-fake-news-winkler-v-hendley\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.iposgoode.ca\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2021\\\/07\\\/shawn-post.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2021-07-19T13:00:00+00:00\",\"author\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.yorku.ca\\\/osgoode\\\/iposgoode\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/09b0ef7189d5a2bd6fef2472e5ea5b94\"},\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.yorku.ca\\\/osgoode\\\/iposgoode\\\/2021\\\/07\\\/19\\\/historical-fake-news-winkler-v-hendley\\\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-CA\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/www.yorku.ca\\\/osgoode\\\/iposgoode\\\/2021\\\/07\\\/19\\\/historical-fake-news-winkler-v-hendley\\\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-CA\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.yorku.ca\\\/osgoode\\\/iposgoode\\\/2021\\\/07\\\/19\\\/historical-fake-news-winkler-v-hendley\\\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.iposgoode.ca\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2021\\\/07\\\/shawn-post.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.iposgoode.ca\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2021\\\/07\\\/shawn-post.jpg\"},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.yorku.ca\\\/osgoode\\\/iposgoode\\\/2021\\\/07\\\/19\\\/historical-fake-news-winkler-v-hendley\\\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.yorku.ca\\\/osgoode\\\/iposgoode\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Historical Fake News?: Winkler v Hendley\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.yorku.ca\\\/osgoode\\\/iposgoode\\\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.yorku.ca\\\/osgoode\\\/iposgoode\\\/\",\"name\":\"IPOsgoode\",\"description\":\"An Authoritive Leader in IP\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.yorku.ca\\\/osgoode\\\/iposgoode\\\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-CA\"},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.yorku.ca\\\/osgoode\\\/iposgoode\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/09b0ef7189d5a2bd6fef2472e5ea5b94\",\"name\":\"ccraig\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-CA\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/4d6461ef50f637a66f0e694df440ca5896971e12de84d604936521b184fec22a?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/4d6461ef50f637a66f0e694df440ca5896971e12de84d604936521b184fec22a?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/4d6461ef50f637a66f0e694df440ca5896971e12de84d604936521b184fec22a?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"caption\":\"ccraig\"},\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.yorku.ca\\\/osgoode\\\/iposgoode\\\/author\\\/ccraig\\\/\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Historical Fake News?: Winkler v Hendley - IPOsgoode","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/osgoode\/iposgoode\/2021\/07\/19\/historical-fake-news-winkler-v-hendley\/","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"Historical Fake News?: Winkler v Hendley - IPOsgoode","og_url":"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/osgoode\/iposgoode\/2021\/07\/19\/historical-fake-news-winkler-v-hendley\/","og_site_name":"IPOsgoode","article_published_time":"2021-07-19T13:00:00+00:00","og_image":[{"url":"https:\/\/www.iposgoode.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/shawn-post.jpg","type":"","width":"","height":""}],"author":"ccraig","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"Written by":"ccraig","Est. reading time":"4 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/osgoode\/iposgoode\/2021\/07\/19\/historical-fake-news-winkler-v-hendley\/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/osgoode\/iposgoode\/2021\/07\/19\/historical-fake-news-winkler-v-hendley\/"},"author":{"name":"ccraig","@id":"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/osgoode\/iposgoode\/#\/schema\/person\/09b0ef7189d5a2bd6fef2472e5ea5b94"},"headline":"Historical Fake News?: Winkler v Hendley","datePublished":"2021-07-19T13:00:00+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/osgoode\/iposgoode\/2021\/07\/19\/historical-fake-news-winkler-v-hendley\/"},"wordCount":824,"commentCount":1,"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/osgoode\/iposgoode\/2021\/07\/19\/historical-fake-news-winkler-v-hendley\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/www.iposgoode.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/shawn-post.jpg","keywords":["copyright","facts","fake news","Federal Court","Shawn Dhue","Winkler v Hendley"],"articleSection":["Copyright"],"inLanguage":"en-CA"},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/osgoode\/iposgoode\/2021\/07\/19\/historical-fake-news-winkler-v-hendley\/","url":"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/osgoode\/iposgoode\/2021\/07\/19\/historical-fake-news-winkler-v-hendley\/","name":"Historical Fake News?: Winkler v Hendley - IPOsgoode","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/osgoode\/iposgoode\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/osgoode\/iposgoode\/2021\/07\/19\/historical-fake-news-winkler-v-hendley\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/osgoode\/iposgoode\/2021\/07\/19\/historical-fake-news-winkler-v-hendley\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/www.iposgoode.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/shawn-post.jpg","datePublished":"2021-07-19T13:00:00+00:00","author":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/osgoode\/iposgoode\/#\/schema\/person\/09b0ef7189d5a2bd6fef2472e5ea5b94"},"breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/osgoode\/iposgoode\/2021\/07\/19\/historical-fake-news-winkler-v-hendley\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-CA","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/osgoode\/iposgoode\/2021\/07\/19\/historical-fake-news-winkler-v-hendley\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-CA","@id":"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/osgoode\/iposgoode\/2021\/07\/19\/historical-fake-news-winkler-v-hendley\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/www.iposgoode.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/shawn-post.jpg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/www.iposgoode.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/shawn-post.jpg"},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/osgoode\/iposgoode\/2021\/07\/19\/historical-fake-news-winkler-v-hendley\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/osgoode\/iposgoode\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Historical Fake News?: Winkler v Hendley"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/osgoode\/iposgoode\/#website","url":"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/osgoode\/iposgoode\/","name":"IPOsgoode","description":"An Authoritive Leader in IP","potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/osgoode\/iposgoode\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-CA"},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/osgoode\/iposgoode\/#\/schema\/person\/09b0ef7189d5a2bd6fef2472e5ea5b94","name":"ccraig","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-CA","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/4d6461ef50f637a66f0e694df440ca5896971e12de84d604936521b184fec22a?s=96&d=mm&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/4d6461ef50f637a66f0e694df440ca5896971e12de84d604936521b184fec22a?s=96&d=mm&r=g","contentUrl":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/4d6461ef50f637a66f0e694df440ca5896971e12de84d604936521b184fec22a?s=96&d=mm&r=g","caption":"ccraig"},"url":"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/osgoode\/iposgoode\/author\/ccraig\/"}]}},"taxonomy_info":{"category":[{"value":65,"label":"Copyright"}],"post_tag":[{"value":27,"label":"copyright"},{"value":3908,"label":"facts"},{"value":3809,"label":"fake news"},{"value":1305,"label":"Federal Court"},{"value":3768,"label":"Shawn Dhue"},{"value":3909,"label":"Winkler v Hendley"}]},"featured_image_src_large":false,"author_info":{"display_name":"ccraig","author_link":"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/osgoode\/iposgoode\/author\/ccraig\/"},"comment_info":"","category_info":[{"term_id":65,"name":"Copyright","slug":"copyright","term_group":0,"term_taxonomy_id":65,"taxonomy":"category","description":"","parent":0,"count":907,"filter":"raw","cat_ID":65,"category_count":907,"category_description":"","cat_name":"Copyright","category_nicename":"copyright","category_parent":0}],"tag_info":[{"term_id":27,"name":"copyright","slug":"copyright","term_group":0,"term_taxonomy_id":27,"taxonomy":"post_tag","description":"","parent":0,"count":412,"filter":"raw"},{"term_id":3908,"name":"facts","slug":"facts","term_group":0,"term_taxonomy_id":3908,"taxonomy":"post_tag","description":"","parent":0,"count":1,"filter":"raw"},{"term_id":3809,"name":"fake news","slug":"fake-news","term_group":0,"term_taxonomy_id":3809,"taxonomy":"post_tag","description":"","parent":0,"count":2,"filter":"raw"},{"term_id":1305,"name":"Federal Court","slug":"federal-court","term_group":0,"term_taxonomy_id":1305,"taxonomy":"post_tag","description":"","parent":0,"count":16,"filter":"raw"},{"term_id":3768,"name":"Shawn Dhue","slug":"shawn-dhue","term_group":0,"term_taxonomy_id":3768,"taxonomy":"post_tag","description":"","parent":0,"count":18,"filter":"raw"},{"term_id":3909,"name":"Winkler v Hendley","slug":"winkler-v-hendley","term_group":0,"term_taxonomy_id":3909,"taxonomy":"post_tag","description":"","parent":0,"count":2,"filter":"raw"}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/osgoode\/iposgoode\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/37840","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/osgoode\/iposgoode\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/osgoode\/iposgoode\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/osgoode\/iposgoode\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2140"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/osgoode\/iposgoode\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=37840"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/osgoode\/iposgoode\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/37840\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/osgoode\/iposgoode\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=37840"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/osgoode\/iposgoode\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=37840"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/osgoode\/iposgoode\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=37840"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}