{"id":38440,"date":"2021-10-18T12:00:15","date_gmt":"2021-10-18T16:00:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.iposgoode.ca\/?p=38440"},"modified":"2021-10-18T12:00:15","modified_gmt":"2021-10-18T16:00:15","slug":"amplifying-black-female-innovators-engineer-marian-croak-and-dr-patricia-bath","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/osgoode\/iposgoode\/2021\/10\/18\/amplifying-black-female-innovators-engineer-marian-croak-and-dr-patricia-bath\/","title":{"rendered":"Amplifying Black Female Innovators: Engineer Marian Croak and Dr. Patricia Bath"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div id=\"attachment_38453\" style=\"width: 760px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-38453\" class=\"wp-image-38453\" src=\"https:\/\/www.iposgoode.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Emily-C-black-inventors.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"750\" height=\"500\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-38453\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo by Gayatri Malhotra (<a href=\"https:\/\/unsplash.com\/photos\/pXO2ceFOrOk\">Unsplash<\/a>)<\/p><\/div>\n<p><span data-ccp-props=\"{}\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW71696640 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-CA\" xml:lang=\"EN-CA\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW71696640 BCX0\" data-ccp-charstyle=\"Emphasis\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-38274\" src=\"https:\/\/www.iposgoode.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/Emily-Chow-2.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"75\" height=\"75\" \/><em>Emily Chow is an\u00a0<\/em><\/span><em><span class=\"NormalTextRun SpellingErrorV2 SCXW71696640 BCX0\" data-ccp-charstyle=\"Emphasis\">IPilogue<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW71696640 BCX0\" data-ccp-charstyle=\"Emphasis\">\u00a0Writer and a 1L JD Candidate at Osgoode Hall Law School.<\/span><\/em><\/span><em><span class=\"EOP SCXW71696640 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;335559739&quot;:450}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>The <a href=\"https:\/\/www.invent.org\/\">US National Inventors Hall of Fame<\/a> (\u201cNIHF\u201d) has released its list of 2022 inductees, which notably includes two Black Female inventors for the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2021\/09\/27\/1040795026\/patricia-bath-marian-croak-national-inventors-hall-of-fame-first-black-women\">first time in this organization\u2019s 48-year history<\/a>. As the NIHF has never inducted Black woman before, I intend to provide some preliminary historical context, an overview of Black women\u2019s contributions to STEM, and to gesture towards contemporary movements which aim to unpack the sociopolitical, economic, cultural, racist, and sexist underpinnings of STEM education and health inequity. \u00a0<\/p>\n<p>A cursory search of previous inductees led to unsurprising results. In 1973, the year of the NIHF\u2019s inception, only <a href=\"https:\/\/www.invent.org\/inductees\/thomas-alva-edison\">Thomas Alva Edison<\/a> was recognized. In 1991, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.invent.org\/inductees\/gertrude-belle-elion\">Gertrude Belle Elion<\/a> became the first (white) female inductee, three years <em>after<\/em> she was awarded a Nobel Prize in Medicine alongside her male collaborators <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nobelprize.org\/prizes\/medicine\/1988\/summary\/\">\u201cfor their discoveries of important principles for [anti-leukemia] drug treatment.\u201d <\/a>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>Fast forward to the present: the late Patricia Bath and Google VP of Engineering Marian Croak, with over 205 US patents between them, join the ranks of over 600 NIHF inductees.<\/p>\n<p>Patricia Bath\u2019s <a href=\"https:\/\/www.invent.org\/inductees\/patricia-bath\">NIHF biography<\/a> reveals that she was the first Black woman physician to receive a medical patent, as well as the <a href=\"https:\/\/cfmedicine.nlm.nih.gov\/physicians\/biography_26.html\">first woman ophthalmology faculty member at UCLA<\/a> and the <a href=\"https:\/\/cfmedicine.nlm.nih.gov\/physicians\/biography_26.html\">first to chair a medical residency program<\/a> in America. Her invention, <a href=\"https:\/\/lemelson.mit.edu\/resources\/patricia-bath\">laserphaco<\/a>, a minimally invasive, low-risk cataract removal procedure, is still used today. Her career and numerous achievements, especially with the development of Community Ophthalmology\u2014in response to <a href=\"https:\/\/cfmedicine.nlm.nih.gov\/physicians\/biography_26.html\">her research findings<\/a> that Black populations experienced disproportionately higher rates of visual impairment\u2014collectively demonstrate her whole-hearted commitment to improving access to healthcare for Black, Hispanic, and other marginalized groups in America.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>VP of Engineering at Google and creator-lead of Google\u2019s <a href=\"https:\/\/blog.google\/technology\/ai\/update-our-progress-responsible-ai-innovation\/\">Research Center for Responsible AI and Human Centered Technology<\/a>, Marian Croak is being recognized for her work in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.fcc.gov\/general\/voice-over-internet-protocol-voip\">VoIP, or Voice over Internet Protocol<\/a>\u2014the digital codification of human voices and sound into data that can be transmitted through the internet. Given the ongoing pandemic and shift to remote office work and schooling, we owe much of our adaptive capacity to her hard-earned expertise. In 2012, she penned an open letter titled <em>Dear Young Women in Technology, Welcome From a 30-year Veteran<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.huffpost.com\/entry\/dear-young-women-in-techn_b_1826286\">in the<em> Huffington Post<\/em><\/a> that discussed gender identity in a male-dominated field. She revisited gender stereotypes in a more recent <a href=\"https:\/\/blog.google\/technology\/ai\/marian-croak-inventors-hall-fame\/\">Google Blog interview<\/a>, where she notes how critics doubted the feminized utility of \u201ctoy like technology\u201d created by her team at Netscape. Now, she is proud to offer representation to people who can now \u201csee someone that looks like themselves on some dimension.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>According to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.invent.org\/about-us\">their website<\/a>, NIHF designates and works with inductees with the intent to \u201cinfuse their stories, insights, and passion into our STEM education programs\u201d, to ultimately provide \u201cauthentic, impactful experiences that help tomorrow\u2019s innovators realize their potential.\u201d As well-intended as this mandate is, its wording suggests that they aim to assimilate and co-opt Black, Indigenous, POC experiences, appropriating the transmission of knowledge and claiming the power to dispense and designate expertise. In effect, this process hinges on the ingenuity of racialized persons without providing the resources necessary to tell their own stories, facilitate their own workshops, and create opportunities to work directly with their own communities.<\/p>\n<p>Furthermore, this mandate frames human potential as purely self-originating, rather than something fostered, supported, and\/or uplifted. How then do non-traditional forms of knowledge, such as <a href=\"https:\/\/www.wipo.int\/pressroom\/en\/briefs\/tk_ip.html\">Indigenous ways of knowing<\/a> (especially oral histories and collective knowledge) fit within an individualized, colonial system? What inventions were <a href=\"https:\/\/www.americanbar.org\/groups\/intellectual_property_law\/publications\/landslide\/2018-19\/march-april\/colorblind-patent-system-black-inventors\/\">appropriated from enslaved and freed Black inventors<\/a> who, being denied citizenship, were barred from filing their own patents? How can we best develop intersectional approaches to expand access to education and healthcare for racialized groups?<\/p>\n<p>Rather than seeking a singular, normative answer, the following resources offer interested readers some starting points of engagement. Congratulations to all the 2022 inductees.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Further Reading<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>York University\/Osgoode Hall Law School announces launch of Centre for Indigenous Knowledges and Languages (CIKL): <a href=\"https:\/\/yfile.news.yorku.ca\/2021\/09\/21\/york-announces-launch-of-centre-for-indigenous-knowledges-and-languages\/\">https:\/\/yfile.news.yorku.ca\/2021\/09\/21\/york-announces-launch-of-centre-for-indigenous-knowledges-and-languages\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p>IPilogue Writer Emily Xiang writes about protecting culture in IP: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.iposgoode.ca\/2021\/10\/protecting-culture-in-an-ip-centred-world\/\">https:\/\/www.iposgoode.ca\/2021\/10\/protecting-culture-in-an-ip-centred-world\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p>IP Osgoode\u2019s IP Innovation Clinic Client intake information page: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.iposgoode.ca\/innovation-clinic\/become-a-client\/\">https:\/\/www.iposgoode.ca\/innovation-clinic\/become-a-client\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p>The American Bar Association\u2019s overview of \u201ccolorblind\u201d patent systems and Black innovation: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.americanbar.org\/groups\/intellectual_property_law\/publications\/landslide\/2018-19\/march-april\/colorblind-patent-system-black-inventors\/\">https:\/\/www.americanbar.org\/groups\/intellectual_property_law\/publications\/landslide\/2018-19\/march-april\/colorblind-patent-system-black-inventors\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Black Health Alliance, a charity working to address healthcare inequities for Black communities in Canada: <a href=\"https:\/\/blackhealthalliance.ca\/\">https:\/\/blackhealthalliance.ca\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p>DMZ\u2019s Black Innovation programs for entrepreneurs: <a href=\"https:\/\/dmz.ryerson.ca\/bip\/\">https:\/\/dmz.ryerson.ca\/bip\/#<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Black Innovation Capital, an investment fund that seeks to support Black founders and address barriers for minority communities: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.blackinnovation.capital\/\">https:\/\/www.blackinnovation.capital\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Patent Racism, an episode from NPR\u2019s Planet Money tracing histories of Black innovation: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2020\/06\/12\/876097416\/patent-racism\">https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2020\/06\/12\/876097416\/patent-racism<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Information about NIHF\u2019s STEM programs: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.invent.org\/programs\">https:\/\/www.invent.org\/programs<\/a><\/p>\n<p>The Assembly of First Nations\u2019 discussion paper on Aboriginal knowledge and IP: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.afn.ca\/uploads\/files\/env\/atk_and_ip_considerations.pdf\">https:\/\/www.afn.ca\/uploads\/files\/env\/atk_and_ip_considerations.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Canada\u2019s Indigenous Intellectual Property Program grant: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ic.gc.ca\/eic\/site\/108.nsf\/eng\/h_00010.html\">https:\/\/www.ic.gc.ca\/eic\/site\/108.nsf\/eng\/h_00010.html<\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: inherit\">The Canadian Government\u2019s introductory materials to IP Rights and Indigenous Knowledge and Cultural Expressions in Canada: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ic.gc.ca\/eic\/site\/108.nsf\/eng\/00007.html\">https:\/\/www.ic.gc.ca\/eic\/site\/108.nsf\/eng\/00007.html<\/a> <\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":2140,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_kad_blocks_custom_css":"","_kad_blocks_head_custom_js":"","_kad_blocks_body_custom_js":"","_kad_blocks_footer_custom_js":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[3,3527,60,10],"tags":[4118,93,4119,3289,4120,4121,1512,38],"class_list":["post-38440","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-blogs","category-diversity-in-ip","category-ip","category-patents","tag-black","tag-emily-chow","tag-female","tag-inventor","tag-nihf","tag-representation","tag-stem","tag-women"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Amplifying Black Female Innovators: Engineer Marian Croak and Dr. Patricia Bath - IPOsgoode<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/osgoode\/iposgoode\/2021\/10\/18\/amplifying-black-female-innovators-engineer-marian-croak-and-dr-patricia-bath\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Amplifying Black Female Innovators: Engineer Marian Croak and Dr. Patricia Bath - IPOsgoode\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/osgoode\/iposgoode\/2021\/10\/18\/amplifying-black-female-innovators-engineer-marian-croak-and-dr-patricia-bath\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"IPOsgoode\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2021-10-18T16:00:15+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.iposgoode.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Emily-C-black-inventors.jpg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"ccraig\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"ccraig\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"4 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.yorku.ca\\\/osgoode\\\/iposgoode\\\/2021\\\/10\\\/18\\\/amplifying-black-female-innovators-engineer-marian-croak-and-dr-patricia-bath\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.yorku.ca\\\/osgoode\\\/iposgoode\\\/2021\\\/10\\\/18\\\/amplifying-black-female-innovators-engineer-marian-croak-and-dr-patricia-bath\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"ccraig\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.yorku.ca\\\/osgoode\\\/iposgoode\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/09b0ef7189d5a2bd6fef2472e5ea5b94\"},\"headline\":\"Amplifying Black Female Innovators: Engineer Marian Croak and Dr. Patricia Bath\",\"datePublished\":\"2021-10-18T16:00:15+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.yorku.ca\\\/osgoode\\\/iposgoode\\\/2021\\\/10\\\/18\\\/amplifying-black-female-innovators-engineer-marian-croak-and-dr-patricia-bath\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":907,\"commentCount\":0,\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.yorku.ca\\\/osgoode\\\/iposgoode\\\/2021\\\/10\\\/18\\\/amplifying-black-female-innovators-engineer-marian-croak-and-dr-patricia-bath\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.iposgoode.ca\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2021\\\/10\\\/Emily-C-black-inventors.jpg\",\"keywords\":[\"black\",\"emily chow\",\"female\",\"Inventor\",\"nihf\",\"representation\",\"STEM\",\"women\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Blogs\",\"Diversity in IP\",\"IP\",\"Patents\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-CA\"},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.yorku.ca\\\/osgoode\\\/iposgoode\\\/2021\\\/10\\\/18\\\/amplifying-black-female-innovators-engineer-marian-croak-and-dr-patricia-bath\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.yorku.ca\\\/osgoode\\\/iposgoode\\\/2021\\\/10\\\/18\\\/amplifying-black-female-innovators-engineer-marian-croak-and-dr-patricia-bath\\\/\",\"name\":\"Amplifying Black Female Innovators: Engineer Marian Croak and Dr. Patricia Bath - IPOsgoode\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.yorku.ca\\\/osgoode\\\/iposgoode\\\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.yorku.ca\\\/osgoode\\\/iposgoode\\\/2021\\\/10\\\/18\\\/amplifying-black-female-innovators-engineer-marian-croak-and-dr-patricia-bath\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.yorku.ca\\\/osgoode\\\/iposgoode\\\/2021\\\/10\\\/18\\\/amplifying-black-female-innovators-engineer-marian-croak-and-dr-patricia-bath\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.iposgoode.ca\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2021\\\/10\\\/Emily-C-black-inventors.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2021-10-18T16:00:15+00:00\",\"author\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.yorku.ca\\\/osgoode\\\/iposgoode\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/09b0ef7189d5a2bd6fef2472e5ea5b94\"},\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.yorku.ca\\\/osgoode\\\/iposgoode\\\/2021\\\/10\\\/18\\\/amplifying-black-female-innovators-engineer-marian-croak-and-dr-patricia-bath\\\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-CA\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/www.yorku.ca\\\/osgoode\\\/iposgoode\\\/2021\\\/10\\\/18\\\/amplifying-black-female-innovators-engineer-marian-croak-and-dr-patricia-bath\\\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-CA\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.yorku.ca\\\/osgoode\\\/iposgoode\\\/2021\\\/10\\\/18\\\/amplifying-black-female-innovators-engineer-marian-croak-and-dr-patricia-bath\\\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.iposgoode.ca\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2021\\\/10\\\/Emily-C-black-inventors.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.iposgoode.ca\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2021\\\/10\\\/Emily-C-black-inventors.jpg\"},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.yorku.ca\\\/osgoode\\\/iposgoode\\\/2021\\\/10\\\/18\\\/amplifying-black-female-innovators-engineer-marian-croak-and-dr-patricia-bath\\\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.yorku.ca\\\/osgoode\\\/iposgoode\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Amplifying Black Female Innovators: Engineer Marian Croak and Dr. Patricia Bath\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.yorku.ca\\\/osgoode\\\/iposgoode\\\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.yorku.ca\\\/osgoode\\\/iposgoode\\\/\",\"name\":\"IPOsgoode\",\"description\":\"An Authoritive Leader in IP\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.yorku.ca\\\/osgoode\\\/iposgoode\\\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-CA\"},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.yorku.ca\\\/osgoode\\\/iposgoode\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/09b0ef7189d5a2bd6fef2472e5ea5b94\",\"name\":\"ccraig\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-CA\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/4d6461ef50f637a66f0e694df440ca5896971e12de84d604936521b184fec22a?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/4d6461ef50f637a66f0e694df440ca5896971e12de84d604936521b184fec22a?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/4d6461ef50f637a66f0e694df440ca5896971e12de84d604936521b184fec22a?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"caption\":\"ccraig\"},\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.yorku.ca\\\/osgoode\\\/iposgoode\\\/author\\\/ccraig\\\/\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Amplifying Black Female Innovators: Engineer Marian Croak and Dr. Patricia Bath - IPOsgoode","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/osgoode\/iposgoode\/2021\/10\/18\/amplifying-black-female-innovators-engineer-marian-croak-and-dr-patricia-bath\/","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"Amplifying Black Female Innovators: Engineer Marian Croak and Dr. Patricia Bath - IPOsgoode","og_url":"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/osgoode\/iposgoode\/2021\/10\/18\/amplifying-black-female-innovators-engineer-marian-croak-and-dr-patricia-bath\/","og_site_name":"IPOsgoode","article_published_time":"2021-10-18T16:00:15+00:00","og_image":[{"url":"https:\/\/www.iposgoode.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Emily-C-black-inventors.jpg","type":"","width":"","height":""}],"author":"ccraig","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"Written by":"ccraig","Est. reading time":"4 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/osgoode\/iposgoode\/2021\/10\/18\/amplifying-black-female-innovators-engineer-marian-croak-and-dr-patricia-bath\/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/osgoode\/iposgoode\/2021\/10\/18\/amplifying-black-female-innovators-engineer-marian-croak-and-dr-patricia-bath\/"},"author":{"name":"ccraig","@id":"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/osgoode\/iposgoode\/#\/schema\/person\/09b0ef7189d5a2bd6fef2472e5ea5b94"},"headline":"Amplifying Black Female Innovators: Engineer Marian Croak and Dr. Patricia Bath","datePublished":"2021-10-18T16:00:15+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/osgoode\/iposgoode\/2021\/10\/18\/amplifying-black-female-innovators-engineer-marian-croak-and-dr-patricia-bath\/"},"wordCount":907,"commentCount":0,"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/osgoode\/iposgoode\/2021\/10\/18\/amplifying-black-female-innovators-engineer-marian-croak-and-dr-patricia-bath\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/www.iposgoode.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Emily-C-black-inventors.jpg","keywords":["black","emily chow","female","Inventor","nihf","representation","STEM","women"],"articleSection":["Blogs","Diversity in IP","IP","Patents"],"inLanguage":"en-CA"},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/osgoode\/iposgoode\/2021\/10\/18\/amplifying-black-female-innovators-engineer-marian-croak-and-dr-patricia-bath\/","url":"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/osgoode\/iposgoode\/2021\/10\/18\/amplifying-black-female-innovators-engineer-marian-croak-and-dr-patricia-bath\/","name":"Amplifying Black Female Innovators: Engineer Marian Croak and Dr. Patricia Bath - IPOsgoode","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/osgoode\/iposgoode\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/osgoode\/iposgoode\/2021\/10\/18\/amplifying-black-female-innovators-engineer-marian-croak-and-dr-patricia-bath\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/osgoode\/iposgoode\/2021\/10\/18\/amplifying-black-female-innovators-engineer-marian-croak-and-dr-patricia-bath\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/www.iposgoode.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Emily-C-black-inventors.jpg","datePublished":"2021-10-18T16:00:15+00:00","author":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/osgoode\/iposgoode\/#\/schema\/person\/09b0ef7189d5a2bd6fef2472e5ea5b94"},"breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/osgoode\/iposgoode\/2021\/10\/18\/amplifying-black-female-innovators-engineer-marian-croak-and-dr-patricia-bath\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-CA","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/osgoode\/iposgoode\/2021\/10\/18\/amplifying-black-female-innovators-engineer-marian-croak-and-dr-patricia-bath\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-CA","@id":"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/osgoode\/iposgoode\/2021\/10\/18\/amplifying-black-female-innovators-engineer-marian-croak-and-dr-patricia-bath\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/www.iposgoode.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Emily-C-black-inventors.jpg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/www.iposgoode.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Emily-C-black-inventors.jpg"},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/osgoode\/iposgoode\/2021\/10\/18\/amplifying-black-female-innovators-engineer-marian-croak-and-dr-patricia-bath\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/osgoode\/iposgoode\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Amplifying Black Female Innovators: Engineer Marian Croak and Dr. Patricia Bath"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/osgoode\/iposgoode\/#website","url":"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/osgoode\/iposgoode\/","name":"IPOsgoode","description":"An Authoritive Leader in IP","potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/osgoode\/iposgoode\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-CA"},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/osgoode\/iposgoode\/#\/schema\/person\/09b0ef7189d5a2bd6fef2472e5ea5b94","name":"ccraig","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-CA","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/4d6461ef50f637a66f0e694df440ca5896971e12de84d604936521b184fec22a?s=96&d=mm&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/4d6461ef50f637a66f0e694df440ca5896971e12de84d604936521b184fec22a?s=96&d=mm&r=g","contentUrl":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/4d6461ef50f637a66f0e694df440ca5896971e12de84d604936521b184fec22a?s=96&d=mm&r=g","caption":"ccraig"},"url":"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/osgoode\/iposgoode\/author\/ccraig\/"}]}},"taxonomy_info":{"category":[{"value":3,"label":"Blogs"},{"value":3527,"label":"Diversity in IP"},{"value":60,"label":"IP"},{"value":10,"label":"Patents"}],"post_tag":[{"value":4118,"label":"black"},{"value":93,"label":"emily chow"},{"value":4119,"label":"female"},{"value":3289,"label":"Inventor"},{"value":4120,"label":"nihf"},{"value":4121,"label":"representation"},{"value":1512,"label":"STEM"},{"value":38,"label":"women"}]},"featured_image_src_large":false,"author_info":{"display_name":"ccraig","author_link":"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/osgoode\/iposgoode\/author\/ccraig\/"},"comment_info":"","category_info":[{"term_id":3,"name":"Blogs","slug":"blogs","term_group":0,"term_taxonomy_id":3,"taxonomy":"category","description":"","parent":0,"count":853,"filter":"raw","cat_ID":3,"category_count":853,"category_description":"","cat_name":"Blogs","category_nicename":"blogs","category_parent":0},{"term_id":3527,"name":"Diversity in IP","slug":"diversity-in-ip","term_group":0,"term_taxonomy_id":3527,"taxonomy":"category","description":"","parent":0,"count":19,"filter":"raw","cat_ID":3527,"category_count":19,"category_description":"","cat_name":"Diversity in IP","category_nicename":"diversity-in-ip","category_parent":0},{"term_id":60,"name":"IP","slug":"ip","term_group":0,"term_taxonomy_id":60,"taxonomy":"category","description":"","parent":0,"count":1229,"filter":"raw","cat_ID":60,"category_count":1229,"category_description":"","cat_name":"IP","category_nicename":"ip","category_parent":0},{"term_id":10,"name":"Patents","slug":"patents","term_group":0,"term_taxonomy_id":10,"taxonomy":"category","description":"","parent":0,"count":557,"filter":"raw","cat_ID":10,"category_count":557,"category_description":"","cat_name":"Patents","category_nicename":"patents","category_parent":0}],"tag_info":[{"term_id":4118,"name":"black","slug":"black","term_group":0,"term_taxonomy_id":4118,"taxonomy":"post_tag","description":"","parent":0,"count":1,"filter":"raw"},{"term_id":93,"name":"emily chow","slug":"emily-chow","term_group":0,"term_taxonomy_id":93,"taxonomy":"post_tag","description":"","parent":0,"count":19,"filter":"raw"},{"term_id":4119,"name":"female","slug":"female","term_group":0,"term_taxonomy_id":4119,"taxonomy":"post_tag","description":"","parent":0,"count":1,"filter":"raw"},{"term_id":3289,"name":"Inventor","slug":"inventor","term_group":0,"term_taxonomy_id":3289,"taxonomy":"post_tag","description":"","parent":0,"count":8,"filter":"raw"},{"term_id":4120,"name":"nihf","slug":"nihf","term_group":0,"term_taxonomy_id":4120,"taxonomy":"post_tag","description":"","parent":0,"count":1,"filter":"raw"},{"term_id":4121,"name":"representation","slug":"representation","term_group":0,"term_taxonomy_id":4121,"taxonomy":"post_tag","description":"","parent":0,"count":1,"filter":"raw"},{"term_id":1512,"name":"STEM","slug":"stem","term_group":0,"term_taxonomy_id":1512,"taxonomy":"post_tag","description":"","parent":0,"count":4,"filter":"raw"},{"term_id":38,"name":"women","slug":"women","term_group":0,"term_taxonomy_id":38,"taxonomy":"post_tag","description":"","parent":0,"count":17,"filter":"raw"}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/osgoode\/iposgoode\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/38440","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/osgoode\/iposgoode\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/osgoode\/iposgoode\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/osgoode\/iposgoode\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2140"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/osgoode\/iposgoode\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=38440"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/osgoode\/iposgoode\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/38440\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/osgoode\/iposgoode\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=38440"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/osgoode\/iposgoode\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=38440"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/osgoode\/iposgoode\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=38440"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}