{"id":38498,"date":"2021-11-04T12:00:00","date_gmt":"2021-11-04T16:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.iposgoode.ca\/?p=38498"},"modified":"2021-11-04T12:00:00","modified_gmt":"2021-11-04T16:00:00","slug":"an-evel-outcome-evel-knievels-son-unsuccessful-in-trademark-suit-against-disney","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/osgoode\/iposgoode\/2021\/11\/04\/an-evel-outcome-evel-knievels-son-unsuccessful-in-trademark-suit-against-disney\/","title":{"rendered":"An \"Evel\" Outcome? Evel Knievel's son unsuccessful in trademark suit against Disney"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
\"blue

Photo by Tyler Nix (Unsplash<\/a>)<\/p><\/div>\n

\"\"Emily Prieur is an IPilogue Writer and a 3L JD Candidate at Queen\u2019s University Faculty of Law.<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

What happened?\u00a0<\/span><\/b>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Kelly Knievel, the son of infamous motorcycle stuntman Evel Knievel, brought a trademark infringement action against Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures for their character \u201cDuke Caboom\u201d featured in <\/span>Toy Story 4<\/span><\/i>. Knievel sued through\u00a0<\/span>K&K Promotions<\/span><\/a> Inc., which owns the intellectual property rights of the former daredevil. K&K alleged that Disney\u2019s \u201cDuke Caboom'' character was confusingly similar to Evel Knievel and pointed to several elements of the character, specifically his stunts, jumpsuit, and commercials. Knievel described the Caboom character as a \u201c<\/span>direct knock-off of the legend and historical significance<\/span><\/a>\u201d of Evel Knievel. K&K took particular issue with the <\/span>Toy Story 4<\/span><\/i> Duke Caboom action figure given its resemblance to the Evel Knievel Stunt Cycle toy that was released in 1973. <\/span>Both action figures<\/span><\/a> feature a stuntman costumed in a white and red jumpsuit. <\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

What were K&K\u2019s\u00a0claims?\u00a0<\/span><\/b>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

K&K Promotions Inc. sued\u00a0the\u00a0Disney\u00a0company\u00a0under the\u00a0<\/span>Lanham Act<\/span><\/i> for false endorsement\/false description, trade dress infringement, and trademark dilution. Outside the scope of the Lanham Act, K&K Promotions Inc. sued Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures under Nevada common-law for trademark infringement, unfair competition, unjust enrichment, and a claim for right of publicity.\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

What did the court decide?\u00a0<\/span><\/b>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Judge James C. Mahan of the U.S. District Court of Nevada ruled in\u00a0favour\u00a0of Disney. Justice Mahan applied the two-part test from the U.S.\u00a0case\u00a0<\/span>Rogers v. Grimaldi<\/span><\/i><\/a>\u00a0<\/span><\/i>to assist in his decision. The\u00a0<\/span>Rogers v. Grimaldi<\/span><\/i><\/a>\u00a0<\/span><\/a>test requires that the defendant\u2019s use of the plaintiff\u2019s trademark is artistically relevant to the underlying work. Notably, the threshold for this is \u201cvery low\u201d and the artistic relevance \u201cmerely must be above zero\u201d. The test also requires that the alleged use explicitly misleads consumers about the source or content of the work. The use of a trademark is not enough to prove consumer confusion. <\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

For the first part of the test, the judge asserted that the Duke Caboom character was highly relevant and integral to the storyline. Duke Caboom\u2019s storyline had continued from the original storyline to the most recent iteration (<\/span>Toy Story 4<\/span><\/i>). For this reason, Justice Mahan believed that Duke Caboom had substantial artistic relevance to the Toy Story franchise and was not merely a \u201c<\/span>gratuitous showing of an Evel Knievelesque motorcycle stuntman<\/span><\/a>\u201d, as K&K Promotions Inc. had suggested.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

For the second part of the test, Justice Mahan concluded that K&K Promotions Inc.\u00a0<\/span>failed to provide<\/span><\/a> enough evidence that Disney tried to confuse consumers into thinking the famous stuntman was associated with, or endorsed, <\/span>Toy Story 4<\/span><\/i>.\u00a0<\/span>Justice Mahan wrote<\/span><\/a>\u00a0that the film character has a different name and clothing, is Canadian rather than American, has a mustache, and has a different hair\u00a0colour\u00a0and style\u00a0than\u00a0Knievel. Justice Mahan also ruled\u00a0that\u00a0the animated toy\u00a0is sufficiently transformative,\u00a0<\/span>thus dismissing the claim that Disney violated K&K Promotions Inc.\u2019s\u00a0right to publicity<\/span><\/a>. \u00a0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

What would have happened if the same case was decided in Canada?\u00a0<\/span><\/b>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Although\u00a0<\/span>Toy Story 4<\/span><\/i>\u2019s animators were clearly inspired by the 70s style motorist, Duke Caboom\u2019s nod to the era did not meet the threshold as set out by U.S. courts. In Canada, similar remedies are available to notable figures whose likeness has been stolen for commercial purposes. K&K Promotions Inc. would likely have made similar arguments in Canada as they did in the U.S., making claims through the torts of passing off and <\/span>misappropriation of personality.<\/span><\/a>\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

In Canada, the use of a famous individual's personality for personal gain without authorization may amount to the tort of \u201c<\/span>misappropriation of personality<\/span><\/a>\u201d. The tort is often analyzed in three parts: the plaintiff\u2019s personality is exploited for a commercial purpose, the personality is clearly captured so they are identifiable, and an endorsement by the plaintiff is suggested. In 1973, the Ontario Court of Appeal created a new tort, the appropriation of personality, in <\/span>Krouse v. Chrysler Canada Ltd<\/span><\/i><\/a>. In\u00a0<\/span>Krouse<\/span><\/i>, a Canadian football player sued Chrysler for using his personality for commercial purposes. Chrysler had used a photograph of the football player in an advertisement without his permission. The court held that the tort of passing off did not apply to Krouse\u2019s claim as he was not engaging in the same business as Chrysler. In this case, a tort of passing off likely would have been a more appropriate cause of action for Knievel, especially since both organizations are selling similar action figures. <\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

In Canada, three requirements must be met for a successful passing off claim; <\/span>the existence of goodwill in the mark, deception of the public due to a misrepresentation,\u00a0and potential or actual damage to the plaintiff<\/span><\/a>. The tort\u00a0was\u00a0expanded\u00a0upon in\u00a0<\/span>National Hockey League v. Pepsi Cola Canada Ltd.<\/span><\/i><\/a>\u00a0Similar to the second part of the\u00a0<\/span>Rogers v. Grimaldi<\/span><\/i>\u00a0test in the United States, the tort requires\u00a0that\u00a0the defendant\u2019s product or business\u00a0is\u00a0seen as \u201c<\/span>approved, authorized or endorsed by the plaintiff<\/span><\/a>\u201d.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":2140,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_kad_blocks_custom_css":"","_kad_blocks_head_custom_js":"","_kad_blocks_body_custom_js":"","_kad_blocks_footer_custom_js":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[3,75],"tags":[3912,4065,57,56],"class_list":["post-38498","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-blogs","category-trademarks-2","tag-disney","tag-emily-prieur","tag-trademark","tag-trademarks"],"yoast_head":"\nAn "Evel" Outcome? 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