{"id":40682,"date":"2023-03-16T12:00:00","date_gmt":"2023-03-16T16:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.iposgoode.ca\/?p=40682"},"modified":"2023-03-16T12:00:00","modified_gmt":"2023-03-16T16:00:00","slug":"quebec-court-of-appeal-sears-halloumi-trademark-again","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/osgoode\/iposgoode\/2023\/03\/16\/quebec-court-of-appeal-sears-halloumi-trademark-again\/","title":{"rendered":"Quebec Court of Appeal Sears \u201cHalloumi\u201d Trademark (Again)"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<hr \/>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt\"><i><span lang=\"EN-CA\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-40067 alignleft\" src=\"https:\/\/www.iposgoode.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/Katie-Graham_Headshot-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"75\" height=\"113\" \/>Katie Graham is an IPilogue Writer and a 2L JD Candidate at Osgoode Hall Law School.<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p>The Ministry of Energy, Commerce and Industry of the Republic of Cyprus (\u201cCyprus\u201d) lost its latest attempt to obtain trademark protection for its famous cheese, \u201cHalloumi,\u201d in a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.canlii.org\/en\/qc\/qcca\/doc\/2023\/2023qcca94\/2023qcca94.html\">decision<\/a> dated January 20, 2023. The Quebec Court of Appeal (QCCA) dismissed the appeal and agreed with the trial judge, ruling in favour of the Canadian dairy company, Saputo Produits Laitiers Canada S.E.N.C. (\u201cSaputo\u201d).<\/p>\n<p>Halloumi, also commonly spelt as \u201cHaloumi\u201d or \u201cHalomi\u201d, is often associated with the Mediterranean island of Cyprus where it was first manufactured <a href=\"https:\/\/www.halloumicheese.eu\/halloumi-cheese\/the-history-of-halloumi\">as early as 1556<\/a>. It is the second most important export for Cyprus and its popularity in Canada has <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thestar.com\/news\/2007\/07\/16\/halloumi_cheese_can_take_the_heat.html\">widely increased<\/a> over the past 20 years, with many Canadian dairy manufacturers, including Saputo and President\u2019s Choice, producing and selling halloumi cheese.<\/p>\n<p>In 1995, Cyprus filed an <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ic.gc.ca\/app\/opic-cipo\/trdmrks\/srch\/viewTrademark?id=0795511&amp;lang=eng\">application<\/a> to register \u201cHalloumi\u201d as a certification mark for cheese of the following defined standard: \u201cthe cheese is produced only in Cyprus using the historic method unique to that country, namely: traditionally, it has been produced from sheep's and\/or goat's milk. In the case of mixtures, cow's milk is also allowed.\u201d <a href=\"https:\/\/www.smartbiggar.ca\/insights\/publication\/certification-marks-how-canada-s-trademark-system-allows-industry-to-set-the-standard\">Certification marks<\/a> are a type of trademark that can be licensed to manufacturers as an indication to consumers that its products meet the owner\u2019s defined standard. Common examples of certification marks include <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ic.gc.ca\/app\/opic-cipo\/trdmrks\/srch\/viewTrademark?id=1746428&amp;lang=eng\">VQA<\/a> for Ontario wine, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ic.gc.ca\/app\/opic-cipo\/trdmrks\/srch\/viewTrademark?id=1072831&amp;lang=eng\">Wi-Fi<\/a>, and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ic.gc.ca\/app\/opic-cipo\/trdmrks\/srch\/viewTrademark?id=1971663&amp;lang=eng\">100% Canadian Dairy<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>While this certification mark was registered in the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.halloumicheese.eu\/halloumi-cheese\/the-history-of-halloumi\">UK and the US<\/a>, the Trademarks Opposition Board (TMOB)<a href=\"https:\/\/www.canlii.org\/en\/ca\/tmob\/doc\/2008\/2008canlii88169\/2008canlii88169.html\"> rejected<\/a> the mark on the basis that there was evidence of commercial use of \u201cHalloumi\u201d or similar terms in Canada already and thus, the mark is not distinctive to cheese \u201cproduced only in Cyprus.\u201d The TMOB\u2019s decision was upheld by both the <a href=\"https:\/\/decisions.fct-cf.gc.ca\/fc-cf\/decisions\/en\/item\/58261\/index.do\">Federal Court<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/decisions.fct-cf.gc.ca\/fca-caf\/decisions\/en\/item\/37210\/index.do\">Federal Court of Appeal<\/a>, with leave to the <a href=\"https:\/\/decisions.scc-csc.ca\/scc-csc\/scc-l-csc-a\/en\/item\/11222\/index.do\">Supreme Court of Canada<\/a> dismissed in 2012.<\/p>\n<p>Cyprus entered into a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.canlii.org\/en\/qc\/qcca\/doc\/2023\/2023qcca94\/2023qcca94.html\">contractual agreements<\/a> with Saputo in 1999 and 2004, stipulating that Saputo \u201cshall not use the <u>trademark<\/u> HALOMI on its products, or any other <u>trademark<\/u> confusingly similar with HALLOUMI or HALOMI.\u201d Cyprus <a href=\"https:\/\/www.canlii.org\/en\/qc\/qccs\/doc\/2020\/2020qccs3752\/2020qccs3752.html\">sued<\/a> Saputo for breach of contract and requested a permanent injunction preventing Saputo from making further use of \u201cHalloumi\u201d or similar marks on its packaging. The Superior Court of Quebec ruled in favour of Saputo given that the law in Canada is settled that \u201cHalloumi,\u201d or similar words, could not be used as a trademark and therefore, the above contractual provision does not apply. On appeal, the QCCA agreed with the trial judge.<\/p>\n<p>Canada\u2019s rejection of trademark protection for \u201cHalloumi\u201d raises important questions surrounding cultural appropriation, a controversy recently brought up in the UK for the trademark \u201cTaquer\u00eda\u201d (see <a href=\"https:\/\/www.iposgoode.ca\/2023\/02\/tacos-with-a-side-of-cease-and-desist\/\">here<\/a>). Halloumi cheese is integral to Cyprus\u2019 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.theglobeandmail.com\/news\/national\/trademark-dispute-prosciutto-di-parma-canadian-shelves\/article37427226\/\">cultural heritage<\/a> since its preparation is \u201cdirectly linked to the traditional rural life and social solidarity that characterizes even today the villages of Cyprus.\u201d However, the now widespread recognition of halloumi cheese in Canada presents a significant hurdle to Cyprus in protecting its historic cheese-making methods. To distinguish halloumi produced in Cyprus from that of Canadian retailers, Cyprus will likely need to seek a more fanciful certification mark that goes beyond the mere description of \u201cHalloumi\u201d (or similar terms).<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":2140,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_kad_blocks_custom_css":"","_kad_blocks_head_custom_js":"","_kad_blocks_body_custom_js":"","_kad_blocks_footer_custom_js":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[3,60,62,75],"tags":[1093,4922,407,4728,4923,2951,56],"class_list":["post-40682","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-blogs","category-ip","category-trademarks","category-trademarks-2","tag-blogs","tag-certification-marks","tag-ip","tag-katie-graham","tag-quebec-court-of-appeal","tag-trademark-infringement","tag-trademarks"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with 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