{"id":32166,"date":"2011-06-01T04:00:00","date_gmt":"2011-06-01T08:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/researchdev\/2011\/06\/01\/professor-ellen-bialystok-speaks-to-the-new-york-times-about-the-bilingual-advantage-2\/"},"modified":"2011-06-01T04:00:00","modified_gmt":"2011-06-01T08:00:00","slug":"professor-ellen-bialystok-speaks-to-the-new-york-times-about-the-bilingual-advantage-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/research\/2011\/06\/01\/professor-ellen-bialystok-speaks-to-the-new-york-times-about-the-bilingual-advantage-2\/","title":{"rendered":"Professor Ellen Bialystok speaks to the New York Times about the bilingual advantage"},"content":{"rendered":"

A cognitive neuroscientist, Ellen Bialystok<\/a> has spent almost 40 years learning about how bilingualism sharpens the mind, wrote The New York Times<\/em> May 30<\/a>:<\/p>\n

Her good news: Among other benefits, the regular use of two languages appears to delay the onset of Alzheimer\u2019s disease symptoms. Dr. Bialystok, 62, a distinguished research professor of psychology at York University [Faculty of Health] in Toronto, was awarded a $100,000 Killam Prize last year<\/a> for her contributions to social science. We spoke for two hours in a Washington hotel room in February and again, more recently, by telephone. An edited version of the two conversations follows.<\/p>\n

Q. How did you begin studying bilingualism?<\/p>\n

A. You know, I didn\u2019t start trying to find out whether bilingualism was bad or good. I did my doctorate in psychology: on how children acquire language. When I finished graduate school, in 1976, there was a job shortage in Canada for PhDs. The only position I found was with a research project studying second language acquisition in school children. It wasn\u2019t my area. But it was close enough.<\/p>\n

As a psychologist, I brought neuroscience questions to the study, like \u201cHow does the acquisition of a second language change thought?\u201d It was these types of questions that naturally led to the bilingualism research. The way research works is, it takes you down a road. You then follow that road.<\/p>\n

Q. So what exactly did you find on this unexpected road?<\/p>\n

A. As we did our research, you could see there was a big difference in the way monolingual and bilingual children processed language. We found that if you gave 5- and 6-year-olds language problems to solve, monolingual and bilingual children knew, pretty much, the same amount of language.<\/p>\n

But on one question, there was a difference. We asked all the children if a certain illogical sentence was grammatically correct: \u201cApples grow on noses.\u201d The monolingual children couldn\u2019t answer. They\u2019d say, \u201cThat\u2019s silly\u201d and they\u2019d stall. But the bilingual children would say, in their own words, \u201cIt\u2019s silly, but it\u2019s grammatically correct.\u201d The bilinguals, we found, manifested a cognitive system with the ability to attend to important information and ignore the less important.<\/p>\n

Q. How does this work\u00a0\u2013 do you understand it?<\/p>\n

A. Yes. There\u2019s a system in your brain, the executive control system. It\u2019s a general manager. Its job is to keep you focused on what is relevant, while ignoring distractions. It\u2019s what makes it possible for you to hold two different things in your mind at one time and switch between them.<\/p>\n

If you have two languages and you use them regularly, the way the brain\u2019s networks work is that every time you speak, both languages pop up and the executive control system has to sort through everything and attend to what\u2019s relevant in the moment. Therefore the bilinguals use that system more, and it\u2019s that regular use that makes that system more efficient.<\/p>\n

Q. One of your most startling recent findings is that bilingualism helps forestall the symptoms of Alzheimer\u2019s disease. How did you come to learn this?<\/p>\n

A. We did two kinds of studies. In the first, published in 2004, we found that normally aging bilinguals had better cognitive functioning than normally aging monolinguals. Bilingual older adults performed better than monolingual older adults on executive control tasks. That was very impressive because it didn\u2019t have to be that way. It could have turned out that everybody just lost function equally as they got older.<\/p>\n

That evidence made us look at people who didn\u2019t have normal cognitive function. In our next studies, we looked at the medical records of 400 Alzheimer\u2019s patients. On average, the bilinguals showed Alzheimer\u2019s symptoms five or six years later than those who spoke only one language. This didn\u2019t mean that the bilinguals didn\u2019t have Alzheimer\u2019s. It meant that as the disease took root in their brains, they were able to continue functioning at a higher level. They could cope with the disease for longer.<\/p>\n

Q. So high school French is useful for something other than ordering a special meal in a restaurant?<\/p>\n

A. Sorry, no. You have to use both languages all the time. You won\u2019t get the bilingual benefit from occasional use.<\/p>\n

Q. One would think bilingualism might help with multitasking \u2013 does it?<\/p>\n

A. Yes, multitasking is one of the things the executive control system handles. We wondered, \u201cAre bilinguals better at multitasking?\u201d So we put monolinguals and bilinguals into a driving simulator. Through headphones, we gave them extra tasks to do \u2013 as if they were driving and talking on cellphones. We then measured how much worse their driving got. Now, everybody\u2019s driving got worse. But the bilinguals, their driving didn\u2019t drop as much. Because adding on another task while trying to concentrate on a driving problem, that\u2019s what bilingualism gives you \u2013 though I wouldn\u2019t advise doing this.<\/p>\n

Q. Has the development of new neuroimaging technologies changed your work?<\/p>\n

A. Tremendously. It used to be that we could only see what parts of the brain lit up when our subjects performed different tasks. Now, with the new technologies, we can see how all the brain structures work in accord with each other.<\/p>\n

In terms of monolinguals and bilinguals, the big thing that we have found is that the connections are different. So we have monolinguals solving a problem, and they use X systems, but when bilinguals solve the same problem, they use others. One of the things we\u2019ve seen is that on certain kinds of even nonverbal tests, bilingual people are faster. Why? Well, when we look in their brains through neuroimaging, it appears like they\u2019re using a different kind of a network that might include language centres to solve a completely nonverbal problem. Their whole brain appears to rewire because of bilingualism.<\/p>\n

Q. Bilingualism used to be considered a negative thing \u2013 at least in the United States. Is it still?<\/p>\n

A. Until about the 1960s, the conventional wisdom was that bilingualism was a disadvantage. Some of this was xenophobia. Thanks to science, we now know that the opposite is true.<\/p>\n

Q. Many immigrants choose not to teach their children their native language. Is this a good thing?<\/p>\n

A. I\u2019m asked about this all the time. People e-mail me and say, \u201cI\u2019m getting married to someone from another culture, what should we do with the children?\u201d I always say, \u201cYou\u2019re sitting on a potential gift.\u201d<\/p>\n

There are two major reasons people should pass their heritage language onto children. First, it connects children to their ancestors. The second is my research: Bilingualism is good for you. It makes brains stronger. It is brain exercise.<\/p>\n

Q. Are you bilingual?<\/p>\n

A. Well, I have fully bilingual grandchildren because my daughter married a Frenchman. When my daughter announced her engagement to her French boyfriend, we were a little surprised. It\u2019s always astonishing when your child announces she\u2019s getting married. She said, \u201cBut Mom, it\u2019ll be fine, our children will be bilingual!\u201d<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Bialystok also holds an appointment at Baycrest Hospital<\/a> in Toronto. Her interview was featured on the front page of The New York Times <\/em>and was the site's most emailed story on May 31, 2011.<\/p>\n

Posted by Elizabeth Monier-Williams, research communications officer, with files courtesy of <\/em>YFile<\/a>\u2013 York University\u2019s daily e-bulletin.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

A cognitive neuroscientist, Ellen Bialystok has spent almost 40 years learning about how bilingualism sharpens the mind, wrote The New York Times May 30: Her good news: Among other benefits, the regular use of two languages appears to delay the onset of Alzheimer\u2019s disease symptoms. Dr. Bialystok, 62, a distinguished research professor of psychology at […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":37,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_kad_blocks_custom_css":"","_kad_blocks_head_custom_js":"","_kad_blocks_body_custom_js":"","_kad_blocks_footer_custom_js":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[197,6193,46,58,39,101],"tags":[363,913,511,512,91,243,248,38,53,1942,567],"class_list":["post-32166","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-awards-honours","category-distinguished-research-professor-awards-honours","category-excellence-in-research","category-health-research","category-news","category-psychology","tag-alzheimers-disease","tag-baycrest","tag-bilingual-children","tag-bilingualism","tag-department-of-psychology","tag-distinguished-research-professors","tag-ellen-bialystok","tag-faculty-of-health","tag-psychology","tag-the-new-york-times","tag-york-in-the-media"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nProfessor Ellen Bialystok speaks to the New York Times about the bilingual advantage | Research & Innovation<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"For immediate release: Professor Ellen Bialystok speaks to the New York Times about the bilingual advantage. 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