Democracy is facing unprecedented challenges in the digital age, according to new research by York University sociologist Harris Ali.
A new study, published in the Journal of Canadian Studies, explores how populism, conspiracy theories and social media work together to weaken democratic systems in Canada and the United States.
Ali’s analysis shows that populist movements claim to speak for “the people" and against the “elite” but increasingly rely on conspiracy theories to mobilize supporters and maintain a sense of crisis.
Social media accelerates this process, spreading disinformation at viral speed, creating fear and division.
“Populism thrives on the idea that there is a crisis,” says Ali, a professor at York’s Faculty of Liberal Arts & Professional Studies. “Conspiracy theories sustain a sense of urgency, and social media ensures these ideas reach millions almost instantly.”
The research highlights recent events such as the Jan. 6, 2021 attack on the U.S. Capitol Hill and Canada’s Freedom Convoy protests. Ali notes that both movements leveraged social media to amplify conspiratorial claims – from election fraud to the “Great Reset” – while motivating followers to act.
Ali warns that Canada is not immune and calls for action to protect democratic institutions. Surveys commissioned by Elections Canada show many Canadians believe in conspiracy theories, including claims about vaccines and global elites controlling events.
Algorithm-driven platforms on social media prioritize emotionally charged content, he says, creating echo chambers that erode fact-based decision-making for individuals and governments.
“When evidence-based dialogue is replaced by viral misinformation, democratic institutions lose their ability to function effectively,” Ali explains.
“We are entering a post-truth society where subjective opinions rival scientific facts. This environment is fertile ground for populist leaders who seek to delegitimize expertise and democratic norms.”
The study also raises concerns about the growing power of tech billionaires and social media companies. Their influence over public debate and policy decisions could lead to an oligarchy – a system where a small group holds most of the power. This, says Ali, indicates implications beyond misinformation, such as powerful actors shaping policy without democratic accountability.
“Social media magnates and tech billionaires wield enormous power over public discourse. Their influence on governance cannot be ignored,” he says.
Ali calls for strong action to protect democracy, including enhanced media literacy, stronger rules for online platforms and increased transparency.