{"id":256553,"date":"2018-10-04T19:31:38","date_gmt":"2018-10-04T23:31:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/yfiledev.uit.yorku.ca\/?p=256553"},"modified":"2025-04-03T13:13:00","modified_gmt":"2025-04-03T17:13:00","slug":"law-professor-considers-real-win-of-high-stakes-metis-court-case","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/yfile\/2018\/10\/04\/law-professor-considers-real-win-of-high-stakes-metis-court-case\/","title":{"rendered":"Law professor considers real 'win' of high-stakes M\u00e9tis court case"},"content":{"rendered":"

When an Indigenous person enters the Canadian legal system, they are coming face to face with the establishment, or superstructure, that has a long history of perpetrating injustices against their people. Such was the 2016 <\/span>Daniels v. Canada<\/span><\/i> case, a highly contentious case that played out in the Supreme Court of Canada about M\u00e9tis status.<\/span><\/p>\n

Osgoode Hall Law School Professor Signa A. Daum Shanks considers the effects that have developed after the release of this pivotal case, which is, on the surface, considered a legal victory. She uses the case to delve deeply into the aftermath of colonialism, the modern plight of Indigenous Peoples and the rule of law. In doing so, she unpacks complex ramifications around the legal ruling. Her article, \u201cThe Wastelander Life: Before and After the Release of <\/span>Daniel v. Canada<\/span><\/i>,\u201d was published in the <\/span>Osgoode Hall Law Journal<\/span><\/i> (Summer 2017).<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"

This Osgoode publication unpacks the complex ramifications around the legal ruling on M\u00e9tis status<\/p><\/div>\n

This is Daum Shanks\u2019 areas of expertise. She is a leader in the study of Indigenous Peoples and the legal profession, Indigenous slavery in Canada, the existence of M\u00e9tis treaties, microhistory, competing Aboriginal claims, the role of Indigenous history as evidence and the future of Indigenous Peoples\u2019 influence upon sustainable development.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Like Riel, Daniels sought to include the M\u00e9tis in the Constitution<\/h3>\n
\"\"

Signa A. Daum Shanks<\/p><\/div>\n

Harry Daniels (1940-2004) was an Indigenous leader, one of the founding members of the Saskatchewan M\u00e9tis Society. He was twice elected the national leader of the Congress of Aboriginal Peoples. <\/span><\/p>\n

Like Louis Riel, he sought to include the M\u00e9tis in Canada\u2019s Constitution. Fed up with historically inaccurate, non-M\u00e9tis definitions of M\u00e9tis as \u201cin between\u201d or the \u201cmiddle ground\u201d between Indigenous and French, he decided to take Canada to court to get judicial\/legal recognition of this mislabelling. <\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"

Harry Daniels. Image reproduced with permission of the Congress of Aboriginal Peoples<\/p><\/div>\n

\u201cHe wanted to make the point that M\u00e9tis people had been misclassified for years, hurt by those actions and then denied the benefits such a classification should have provided,\u201d Daum Shanks explains.<\/span><\/p>\n

Daniels argued that when the nation of Canada came into being (1867), the Crown labelled the M\u00e9tis as First Nations. But decades later, the country refused to admit that M\u00e9tis were part of the original group in question, and failed to follow through with certain responsibilities. <\/span><\/p>\n

Daniels, therefore, put forward three declarations to adjust modern understandings of the M\u00e9tis: <\/span><\/p>\n

    \n
  1. M\u00e9tis and non-status Indians are \u201cIndians\u201d under section 91(24) of the <\/span>Constitution Act, 1867.<\/span><\/i><\/li>\n
  2. The federal government owes a fiduciary duty to M\u00e9tis and non-status Indians.<\/span><\/li>\n
  3. M\u00e9tis and non-status Indians have the right to consultations and negotiations with the federal government respecting all their rights, interests and needs as Aboriginal Peoples.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    Law professor analyzes the \"win\"<\/h3>\n

    Although he passed away before the case concluded, Daniels won the legal battle: the court ruled that M\u00e9tis and non-status Indians are \u201cIndians\u201d for the purpose of s. 91(24) of the <\/span>Constitution Act, 1867<\/span><\/i>. For this reason, the<\/span> case is considered as a \"win\" and positioned as another successful chapter in the pursuit of reconciliation. \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

    Daum Shanks, however, finds this a murky win. This ruling, she explains, means that M\u00e9tis and non-status Indians are not ruled under the <\/span>Indian Act<\/span><\/i><\/a>\u00a0\u2013\u00a0the principal statute through which the federal government administers Indian status. M\u00e9tis people are not granted Indian status, in other words. Due to this lack of status, M\u00e9tis people cannot live on reserves. Instead, M\u00e9tis and non-status Indians should turn to the federal government for programs and services, which were not offered before <\/span>Daniels v. Canada<\/span><\/i>.<\/span><\/p>\n

    Daum Shanks notes that this ruling could lead to 200,000 additional people being recognized as M\u00e9tis (since 200,000 people would now identify themselves as such) and 200,000 non-registered First Nations who will now live off-reserve. In this light, the decision could be seen as an incentive for Indigenous people to move off the reserves. This could undermine the economic viability of the reserves, Dam Shanks warns. <\/span><\/p>\n

    \"\"

    Supreme Court of Canada<\/p><\/div>\n

    Some Indigenous scholars strongly question the \u201csuccess\u201d of <\/span>Daniel vs. Canada<\/span><\/i>, claiming that the ruling was rooted in a racist logic and it would mean a \u201croad to nowhere\u201d for many Indigenous people. Daum Shanks weighs in more prudently however, and argues that the wins of this case are hard to see. <\/span><\/p>\n

    On one hand, she recognizes some restorative value to the case. \u201cGiven the number of times courts have allowed the Crown\u2019s view of history to prevail, <\/span>Daniels v. Canada<\/span><\/i> contains a sense of optimism. In this way, the ruling sends a strong message,\u201d she says, although she also believes that early signs of progress don\u2019t always last. <\/span><\/p>\n

    On the other hand, Daum Shanks points out that the decision reinforced the underlying problem that Daniels came to argue in the first place: M\u00e9tis should define themselves, not be defined by the Court. In this way, <\/span>Daniels v. Canada<\/span><\/i> ultimately conflicts with M\u00e9tis-based sources. <\/span><\/p>\n

    Daum Shanks believes that the case leaves the M\u00e9tis in a kind of limbo. \u201cIn 1867, it might have been Canada that placed us there. But now, it\u2019s the court\u2019s definition of us that ensures we will remain in the Wasteland,\u201d she writes.<\/span><\/p>\n

    Her article is a comprehensive and well-constructed resource for legal, history, M\u00e9tis and Indigenous scholars.<\/span><\/p>\n

    To read the article, go to the <\/span>website<\/span><\/a>. To read the Supreme Court of Canada ruling, <\/span>Daniels v. Canada<\/span><\/i>, go to the <\/span>website<\/span><\/a>. To learn more about Daum Shanks, visit her <\/span>faculty profile page<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n

    To learn more about Research and Innovation at York, follow us at <\/span>@YUResearch<\/span><\/a>, watch the <\/span>York Research Impact Story<\/span><\/a> and see the <\/span>snapshot infographic<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n

    By Megan Mueller, manager, research communications, Office of the Vice-President Research and Innovation, York University, <\/span>muellerm@yorku.ca<\/span><\/a><\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    In an articulate commentary, Professor Signa A. Daum Shanks ruminates on the modern plight of Indigenous Peoples and the rule of law in light of a key 2016 court case about M\u00e9tis status. Although the ruling is considered a \"win,\" it raises more questions than answers.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":256583,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_kad_blocks_custom_css":"","_kad_blocks_head_custom_js":"","_kad_blocks_body_custom_js":"","_kad_blocks_footer_custom_js":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[11],"tags":[],"yfileauthor":[204],"qualifier":[],"yfile-author":[],"tags-to-show":[154],"workflow":[],"class_list":["post-256553","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-latest-news","yfileauthor-yfilestaff","tags-to-show-research"],"acf":{"internal_publish_date":null,"original_image":null},"yoast_head":"\nLaw professor considers real 'win' of high-stakes M\u00e9tis court case - YFile<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/yfile\/2018\/10\/04\/law-professor-considers-real-win-of-high-stakes-metis-court-case\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Law professor considers real 'win' of high-stakes M\u00e9tis court case - YFile\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"In an articulate commentary, Professor Signa A. 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