{"id":285269,"date":"2021-03-04T14:52:38","date_gmt":"2021-03-04T14:52:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/yfiledev.uit.yorku.ca\/?p=285269"},"modified":"2025-04-03T11:12:13","modified_gmt":"2025-04-03T15:12:13","slug":"york-university-librarian-develops-much-needed-pandemic-guide-for-consumers","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.yorku.ca\/yfile\/2021\/03\/04\/york-university-librarian-develops-much-needed-pandemic-guide-for-consumers\/","title":{"rendered":"York University librarian develops much-needed pandemic guide for consumers"},"content":{"rendered":"

York University is a diverse community working together to tackle complex societal challenges. Our mission is the pursuit, preservation and dissemination of knowledge. Innovation is our tradition. Recently, one steadfast librarian embodied these qualities and aspirations to a tee.<\/p>\n

Marcia Salmon<\/strong>, a digital scholarship metadata librarian at York University Libraries, realized there was a growing need, in the research community and the public, to better understand influenza pandemics in light of COVID-19. She responded by creating a webliography \u2013 a list of electronic documents, websites, or other resources available on the World Wide Web.<\/p>\n

\"Marcia

Marcia Salmon<\/p><\/div>\n

Salmon\u2019s webliography, published in the Journal of Consumer Health on the Internet <\/em>(2020), is a guide for consumers to reliable organizations that provide information on influenza pandemics. It outlines the World Health Organization (WHO)\u2019s and the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)\u2019s definitions of such pandemics, discusses the difference between pandemics and epidemics, and reviews the cause and effect of past influenza pandemics.<\/p>\n

\u201cCurrently, all regions of the world are experiencing the COVID-19 pandemic and are in self-isolation to halt the community spread of this deadly virus. This webliography provides information on how pandemics occur and are classified; past pandemics; and how to manage, mitigate, and prepare for pandemics now and in the future,\u201d Salmon explains.<\/p>\n

Salmon, who has worked at York for 18 years, may just be the ideal person to build this webliography. She specializes in providing access to serials and electronic resources. She also contributes to reference services at the Steacie Science and Engineering Library.\u00a0Her research interests include health librarianship, providing access to electronic content, open access and institutional repositories.<\/p>\n

Webliography provides context, history for audiences<\/h3>\n

Salmon is skilled at providing context. She notes that between 1918 and 2018, there were four influenza pandemics, the first and most deadly being the Spanish Flu or the N1H1 virus. \u201cThis infected nearly 500 million people \u2013 that\u2019s one-third of the global population at that time \u2013 and cost the lives of 50 million people,\u201d she says.<\/p>\n

\"COVID-19

COVID-19 is the fifth pandemic since 1918, Salmon points out as she provides context<\/p><\/div>\n

Next, the H2N2 virus emerged from Asia in 1957, and led to 1.1 million deaths worldwide (CDC). Eleven years later, the H3N2 virus killed one million people (CDC). In 2009, the H1N1 virus, more commonly known as the swine flu, swept the globe. \u201cThe exact number of people or deaths caused by the swine flu isn\u2019t known, but estimates suggest 1.6 million confirmed cases and 151,700 to 575,400 deaths globally,\u201d Salmon concludes, referring to both WHO ad CDC resources.<\/p>\n

Next, of course, came COVID-19, first identified in Wuhan, China by WHO (December 2019).<\/p>\n

Webliography tackles common confusions<\/h3>\n

Salmon also clarifies the issue, first tackling the common confusion surrounding pandemics and epidemics. \u201cAn epidemic is defined as the occurrence of more cases of a disease than expected in a population group in a geographic area. A pandemic is an epidemic that has spread over many countries and\/or continents, affecting a substantial percentage of the population,\u201d she writes.<\/p>\n

She contrasts the CDC definition of an influenza pandemic with the more complicated, six-phase WHO definition. The first definition is \u201ca global outbreak of an influenza virus that affects a large portion of the world population. These types of pandemics occur when new influenza A viruses, which may be transmitted from animals to humans, are easily spread from human to human.\u201d (CDC).<\/p>\n

\"The

The CDC\u2019s website on the pandemic influenza is one of the resources profiled by Salmon<\/p><\/div>\n

The WHO\u2019s definition involves the following phases:<\/strong><\/p>\n

Phase 1:<\/strong> When there is no influenza virus among animals known to cause infections in humans.<\/p>\n

Phase 2:<\/strong> When the virus has jumped from animal hosts to human hosts. \u201cThis makes it a pandemic threat,\u201d Salmon explains.<\/p>\n

Phase 3:<\/strong> When the virus has caused small numbers of infections in people but has not resulted in enough human-to-human transmission to cause community-level outbreaks.<\/p>\n

Phase 4:<\/strong> When human-to-human transmission occurs, causing community-level outbreaks. \u201cSustained community-level outbreaks are a significant risk factor for pandemic status. This phase may sometimes be categorized as an influenza epidemic,\u201d says Salmon.<\/p>\n

Phase 5:<\/strong> When the influenza virus has community-level outbreaks or human-to-human transmission in at least two countries.<\/p>\n

Phase 6:<\/strong> When an additional country experiences a community-level outbreak, this is a global pandemic stage.<\/p>\n

\"<Caption>

The WHO Global Influence Surveillance and Response System (GISRS), a key resource profiled by Salmon. Reproduced with permission from WHO<\/p><\/div>\n

The webliography also profiles key resources \u2013 the Public Health Agency of Canada, the CDC and WHO \u2013 and offers a brief overview of the nature of each resource.<\/p>\n

With the transmission of COVID-19 rising in many countries, in the second wave, and the global death rate reaching 2,470,772 (as of February 24, 2021, according to WHO), this new resource from York University is vital.<\/p>\n

To see the webliography, see the website<\/a>. To learn more about York U Libraries, visit the website<\/a>.<\/p>\n

To learn more about Research & Innovation at York, follow us at @YUResearch<\/a>; watch our new animated video<\/a>, which profiles current research strengths and areas of opportunity, such as Artificial Intelligence and Indigenous futurities; and see the snapshot infographic, a glimpse of the year\u2019s successes.<\/p>\n

By Megan Mueller, senior manager, Research Communications, Office of the Vice-President Research & Innovation, York University, muellerm@yorku.ca<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Acutely aware of the mounting need to better understand pandemics in light of COVID-19, York librarian Marcia Salmon created an indispensable new guide for consumers. 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