NOTES ON STYLE FOR SOCIOLOGICAL
ESSAYS——C.J.Jansen
1.
Some students believe that the only time references are needed is when they are
giving direct quotes. This is incorrect. You MUST give sources of EVERYTHING you
write.
2. Principal sources are: 1) WRITTEN
WORD: a) Academic books and articles;
b)
Other: Newspapers, Magazines, Internet etc.
2) ELECTRONIC MEDIA: Radio and
Television
3) PERSONAL OBSERVATION or EXPERIENCE
4) INTERVIEWS or CONVERSATIONS
5) STATISTICAL SURVEYS or
CENSUS—LIKE STUDIES
Not citing sources, you could be
accused of PLAGIARISM: presenting others work as your own.
3.
Following the style of Social Science Journals, like THE CANADIAN REVIEW OF
SOCIOLOGY AND ANTHROPOLOGY can save you a good deal of time:
1)
List all your sources in alphabetical order of AUTHOR’S name followed by YEAR
of publication.
2)
If an author has more than one thing in the year, use letters a,b,c... e.g.s 3 and
4. (1967a, 1967b)
3)
After the year: If it is a book: TITLE, PLACE, PUBLISHER e.g. 2
If a journal article: “Article
title”, JOURNAL, Vol. pp. e.g. 1
If in a reader: “Article
title” in BOOK AUTHOR, BOOK TITLE, PLACE, PUBLISHER, PAGES e.g.5
4.
When referring to a source in your text:
—— As pointed out (Hilton 1976: 23) AUTHOR, YEAR, PAGE
—— As Hilton points out (1976: 23) YEAR, PAGE
—--
The following 2 pages come mainly from Hilton (1976: 33—45) YEAR, PAGES
—— As is well documented by several authors (Hilton 1976:
34; Richmond 1976b: 22—23; Blake 1972: 39)
—— As Porter pointed out (in Richmond 1972: 59) - when you
wish to quote an author indirectly.
5.
When not referring to written sources:
—— As covered in the CTV program W5 on December 29
—— As. reported in CFRB evening news on January 15
—— When I interviewed Mr.X he said ~
—— If you wish to give your own views: From the above references I
conclude
I disagree with the above authors because
My personal experiences (or
observations) lead me to believe that.
6.
Use footnotes or endnotes only to clarify something. e.g. if you did some
recalculation of a table.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
BLAKE, DONALD E.
1.
1972 “The measurement of regionalism in Canadian Voting patterns”, Canadian
Journal of Political Science, 5:55—81
HILTON, GORDON
2.
1976 Intermediate Politometrics, New York, Columbia University Press
RICIIMOND, ANTHONY H.
3.
1967a Post-War immigrants in Canada, Toronto, University of Toronto Press.
4.
1967b Immigrants and Ethnic Groups in Metropolitan Toronto, Toronto, York
University.
5.
1973 “Social Mobility of Itiiwiqrants” in James E. Curtis and William G.
Scott (eds.), Social Stratification, Scarborough,Ont., Prentice Hall of Canada, pp.
174—186
6.
Globe and Mail
1970 “Use the law we have”,
October 15: 6