"North of the Color Line: Sleeping Car Porters and the Battle Against Jim Crow on Canadian Rails, 1880-1920" in Labour/Le Travail 47, 9-42
This paper analyses the evolution of Jim Crow employment patterns in the Canadian railway industry from the 1880s to World War I. It presents race as a central organizing principle in employers' decision to hire black railwaymen for their sleeping and dining car departments. Canadian railway managers actively sought out African American, West Indian, and African Canadian labour, believing that they constituted an easily manipulated group of workers. White railroaders fought the introduction of black employees, arguing that they undermined white manhood and railway unionism. Trade union leaders demanded and won a racialized division of the workforce, locking black workers into low-waged service position when they had initially enjoyed a broader range of employment options. In effect, white railway trade unionists and their employers embraced segregation as a rational model for peaceful working conditions. Black railroaders, on the other hand, resisted the encroachment of segregationist policies by forming their own union, the Order of Sleeping Car Porters. They pressured for change by exposing the scope of Jim Crow practices in the railway industry and trade unionism.
Saje Mathieu is an associate professor in the Department of History at the University of Minnesota and a Faculty Fellow at the Warren Centre for Studies in American History at Harvard University. Mathieu specializes in twentieth century American and African American history, with a focus on immigration, globalization, race, war, and political resistance.
Other publications from this author include:
- "L'Union Fait La Force: Black Soldiers in the Great War" in First World War Studies, 9 (2) (2018)
- "Great Expectations: African Americans and the Great War" in American Quarterly, 63 (2) (2011)
- "The Black Experience in Canada Revisited" in Migrants and Migration in Modern North America: Cross-Border Life Courses, Labor Markets, and Politics in Canada, the Caribbean, Mexico, and the United States, 399-421 (2011)
- North of the Color Line: Migration and Black Resistance in Canada, 1870-1955 (2010)
- "The Great Migration Reconsidered" in Magazine of History, 23 (4) (2009)